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1336: Establishment of 1498: Arrival of the the Vijayanagara Empire Portuguese in India 1206: Establishment of 1398: Timur the Delhi Sultanate attacks Delhi 1200 1240 1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1347: Establishment of the Bahmani Sultanate 1326: Re-establishment of the Mewar Kingdom Fig. 2.2. The period in this chapter and the next is often called the latter part of the ‘medieval period’ of Indian history. The term ‘medieval’ (i.e., ‘between two ages’) was originally applied to European history, roughly from the fall of the Roman Empire (5th century CE) to the Renaissance (Europe’s cultural revival in the 14th–16th centuries, 1 nurtured by the rediscovery of Greek and Roman art and literature). a P It was once thought to mark a dark age before the development of e d modern science; but, of course, Europe’s and India’s histories are very r | different, so applying the same term ‘medieval’ to both is not ideal, d o and historians do not always agree on which period it covers in India. e d We will sometimes have to use the term ‘medieval’ but for us it simply a means the period from the 11th to the 17th centuries. i d : In ‘Tapestry of the Past’ chapters, we have tried to keep as few dates t c as possible — only those that mark important reference points. You S will find it helpful to keep revisiting the timelines in those chapters. g r Revisit the maps too, as they will help you visualise the geography l x that was traversed by armies, common people, traders, scholars or E spiritual figures. 22 Reprint 2026-27