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In reaction (1.31) carbon is oxidised to CO and ZnO is reduced to Zn. Inreaction(1.32)HClisoxidisedtoCl whe2easMnO isreduc2dtoMnCl . 2 From the above examples we can say that if a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen during a reaction, it is oxidised. If a substance loses oxygen or gains hydrogen during a reaction, it is reduced. Recall Activity 1.1 , where a magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling flame in air (oxygen) and changes into a white substance, magnesium oxide. Is magnesium being oxidised or reduced in this reaction? 1.3 HA VE YOU OBSERVED THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE? 1.3.1 Corrosion You must have observed that iron articles are shiny when new, but get coatedwithareddishbrownpowderwhenleftforsometime.Thisprocess is commonly known as rusting of iron. Some other metals also get tarnished in this manner. Have you noticed the colour of the coating formed on copper and silver? When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture, acids, etc., it is said to corrode and this process is called corrosion. The black coating on silver and the green coatCorrosion causes damage to car bodies, bridges, iron railings, ships and to all objects made of metals, specially those of iron. Corrosion of iron is a serious problem. Every year an enormous amount of money is spent to replace damaged iron. You will learn more about corrosion in Chapter3. 1.3.2 Rancidity Have you ever tasted or smelt the fat/oil containing food materials left for a long time? When fats and oils are oxidised, they become rancid and their smell and taste change. Usually substances which prevent oxidation (antioxidants) are added to foods containing fats and oil. Keeping food in air tight containers helps to slow down oxidation. Do you know that chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen to prevent the chips from getting oxidised ? Q U E S T I O N S 1. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it? 2. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in Activity 1.10. 3. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are reduced in the following reactions. (i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s) (ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l) ? Chemical Reactions and Equations 13 Reprint 2026-27