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10.5 ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION You might have observed the apparent random wavering or flickering of objects seen through a turbulent stream of hot air risingaboveafireoraradiator.Theairjustabovethefirebecomes hotter than the air further up. The hotter air is lighter (less dense) than the cooler air above it, and has a refractive index slightly less than that of the cooler air. Since the physical conditions of the refracting medium (air) are not stationary, the apparent position of the object, as seen through the hot air, fluctuates. Thiswaveringisthusaneffectofatmosphericrefraction(refraction of light by the earth’s atmosphere) on a small scale in our local Figure 10.9 environment. The twinkling of stars is a similar phenomenon on Apparent star position due to atmospheric a much larger scale. Let us see how we can explain it. refraction Twinkling of stars The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The starlight, on entering the earth’s atmosphere, undergoes refraction continuously before it reaches the earth. The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index. Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position. The star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position when viewed near the horizon (Fig. 10.9). Further, this apparent position of the star is not stationary, but keeps on changing slightly, since the physical conditions of the earth’s atmosphere are not stationary, as was the case in the previous paragraph. Since the stars are very distant, they approximate point-sized sources of light. As the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of starlight entering the eye flickers – the star sometimes appears brighter, and at some other time, fainter, which is the twinkling effect. Why don’t the planets twinkle? The planets are much closertotheearth,andarethusseenasextendedsources. If we consider a planet as a collection of a large number of point-sized sources of light, the total variation in the amount of light entering our eye from all the individual point-sized sources will average out to zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling effect. Advance sunrise and delayed sunset The Sun is visible to us about 2 minutes before the actual sunrise, and about 2 minutes after the actual sunset because of atmospheric refraction. By actual sunrise, we mean the actual crossing of the horizon by the Sun. Fig. 10.10 shows the actual and apparent positions of the Figure 10.10 Sun with respect to the horizon. The time difference Atmospheric refraction between actual sunset and the apparent sunset is about effects at sunrise and 2 minutes. The apparent flattening of the Sun’s disc at sunset sunrise and sunset is also due to the same phenomenon. 168 Science Reprint 2026-27