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soil are equally important. Soil also consists nodules than the Khadar. It has more fine of organic (humus) and inorganic materials particles and is more fertile than the bangar. (Fig. 1.5). Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. On the basis of the factors responsible for Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which chemical and physical properties, the soils of are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, India are classified in different types. wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are Classification of Soils intensively cultivated and densely populated. India has varied relief features, landforms, Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and climatic realms and vegetation types. These can be productive after proper treatment and have contributed in the development of various irrigation. types of soils. Black Soil Alluvial Soils These soils are black in colour and are also This is the most widely spread and important known as regur soils. Black soil is ideal for soil. In fact, the entire northern plains are growing cotton and is also known as black made of alluvial soil. These have been cotton soil. It is believed that climatic condition deposited by three important Himalayan river along with the parent rock material are the systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the important factors for the formation of black Brahmaputra. These soils also extend in soil. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest corridor. Alluvial soil is also found in the Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and and the Kaveri rivers. Chhattisgarh and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. Fig. 1.6: Alluvial Soil The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles appear some what bigger in size. In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place of the break of slope, the soils are coarse. Such soils are more common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai. Fig. 1.7: Black Soil Apart from the size of their grains or components, soils are also described on the The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well-known basis of their age. According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). The they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker carbonate,magnesium,potashandlime.These RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 7 Reprint 2026-27