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Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are gas distribution (COD) networks, natural gas important coalfields. The Godavari, is also emerging as a preferred transport fuel Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also (CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) at homes. India’s contain coal deposits. major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern High and allied fields along the west coast states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal which are supplemented by finds in the Pradesh and Nagaland. Cambay basin. Along the East Coast, new Remember coal is a bulky material, which reserves of natural gas have been discovered loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. in the Krishna-Godavari basin. The first 1,700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur- Hence, heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the coalfields. Jagdishpur (HVJ) cross country gas pipeline, constructed by GAIL (India), linked Mumbai Petroleum High and Bassein gas fields with various Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for western and northen India. This artery provided impetus to Indian gas market machinery and raw materials for a number of development.Overall,India’sgasinfrastructure manufacturingindustries.Petroleumrefineries has expanded over ten times from 1,700 km act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, to 18,500 km of cross-country pipelines and fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. is expected to soon reach over 34, 000 km as Most of the petroleum occurrences in India Gas Grid by linking all gas sources and are associated with anticlines and fault traps consuming markets across the country in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In including North Eastern states. regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the Electricity upfold. The oil bearing layer is a porous Electricity has such a wide range of limestone or sandstone through which oil may applications in today’s world that, its percapita flow. The oil is prevented from rising or consumption is considered as an index of sinking by intervening non-porous layers. Petroleum is also found in fault traps development. Electricity is generated mainly in between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, two ways:byrunningwaterwhichdriveshydro turbines to generate hydro electricity; and by being lighter usually occurs above the oil. burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are and natural gas to drive turbines to produce major petroleum production areas in India. From the map locate the 3 major off shore thermal power. Once generated the electricity fields of western India. Ankeleshwar is the is exactly the same. most important field of Gujarat. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Name some river valley projects and write Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the the names of the dams built on these rivers. important oil fields in the state. Natural Gas Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable resource. Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to India has a number of multi-purpose projects the surface. It can be used as a domestic and like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley industrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power sectororporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc. to generate electricity, for heating purpose in producing hydroelectric power. Thermal electricity is generated by using industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, as coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal transport fuel and as cooking fuel. With the power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels expansion of gas infrastructure and local city for generating electricity. 52 CONTEMPORARY NDIA– II Reprint 2026-27