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our neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, great ease. Think of the north-eastern part of Maldives, etc. and the coastal regions of India. the country, marked with the presence of big Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports of rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and the country. It is ranked next to Mumbai in frequent floods and international frontiers, terms of the volume of trade and cargo. Vishakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked etc. in the absence of air transport. Air travel has made access easier. and well-protected port. This port was, Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides originally, conceived as an outlet for iron ore helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas exports. Paradwip port located in Odisha, Corporation in its off-shore operations, to specialises in the export of iron ore. Shyama inaccessibleareasanddifficultterrainslikethe Prasad Mookerjee, Kolkata is an inland riverine port. This port serves a very large north-eastern states and the interior parts of and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh basin. Being a tidal port, it requires constant and Uttarakhand. dredging of Hoogly. Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve UDAN ( UdeDeshkaAamNagrik )isafirst- growing pressure on the Kolkata port. of-its kind scheme globally, designed to jump-start the regional aviation market. RegionalConnectivityScheme(RCS)–UDAN was conceived by the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), Government of India, to promote regional connectivity by making fly affordable for the common citizen. The central idea of the scheme is to encourage airlines to operate flights on regional and remoteroutesthroughenablingpoliciesand extendingincentives. Fig. 7.8:Handling of oversize cargo at V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin) port Communication Ever since humans appeared on the earth, Airways The air travel, today, is the fastest, most they have used different means of comfortable and prestigious mode of communication. But, the pace of change, has been rapid in modern times. Long distance communication is far easier without physical movement of the communicator or receiver. Personal communication and mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of communication in the country. The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and envelopes are considered first-class mail and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. The second-class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They Why is air travel prefered in the north-eastern are carried by surface mail, covering land and states? water transport. To facilitate quick delivery Fig. 7.9 of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced recently. They transport. It can cover very difficult terrains are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail forests and also long oceanic stretches with Channel and Periodical Channel. 78 CONTEMPORARYINDIA– II Reprint 2026-27