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was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the Box2 result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82) is perhaps the priortotheeighteenthcentury.Theprimaryidentitiesof thepeople whoinhabitedtheBritishIsleswereethnicones–suchasEnglish, most celebrated of Italian freedom fighters. He came from a family engaged in coastal trade and Welsh,ScotorIrish.Allof theseethnicgroupshadtheirowncultural was a sailor in the merchant navy. In 1833 he and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in met Mazzini, joined the Young Italy movement and participated in a republican uprising in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence Piedmont in 1834. The uprising was suppressed overtheothernationsof theislands.TheEnglishparliament,which and Garibaldi had to flee to South America, where had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a he lived in exile till 1848. In 1854, he supported Victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the protractedconflict,wastheinstrumentthroughwhichanation-state, Italian states. In 1860, Garibaldi led the famous with England at its centre, came to be forged. The Act of Union Expedition of the Thousand to South Italy. Fresh volunteers kept joining through the course of (1707)betweenEnglandandScotlandthatresultedintheformation the campaign, till their numbers grew to about of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that 30,000. They were popularly known as Red EnglandwasabletoimposeitsinfluenceonScotland.TheBritish Shirts. parliamentwashenceforthdominatedbyitsEnglishmembers.The In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification growthof aBritishidentitymeantthatScotland’sdistinctiveculture andpoliticalinstitutionsweresystematicallysuppressed.TheCatholic of Italy, the Papal States where a French garrison was stationed. The Red Shirts proved to be no clansthatinhabitedtheScottishHighlandssufferedterriblerepression match for the combined French and Papal troops. whenevertheyattemptedtoasserttheirindependence.TheScottish It was only in 1870 when, during the war with Prussia, France withdrew its troops from Rome Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or that the Papal States were finally joined wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven to Italy. outoftheirhomeland. Ireland suffered a similar fate. It was a country deeply divided betweenCatholicsandProtestants.TheEnglishhelpedtheProtestants of IrelandtoestablishtheirdominanceoveralargelyCatholiccountry. CatholicrevoltsagainstBritishdominanceweresuppressed.Aftera failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), IrelandwasforciblyincorporatedintotheUnitedKingdomin1801. d A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a o dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain – the W r Britishflag(UnionJack),thenationalanthem(GodSaveOurNoble o King),theEnglishlanguage–wereactivelypromotedandtheolder p t nationssurvivedonlyassubordinatepartnersinthisunion. Fig. 15 – Garibaldi helping King Victor o Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont to pull on the C boot named ‘Italy’. English caricature of 1859. t Activity d a The artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding on to the base of i Newwords I the boot, so that the King of Sardinia-Piedmont can enter it from the top. Look at the map of Italy once more. What statement is Ethnic–Relatestoacommonracial,tribal,or this caricature making? culturaloriginorbackgroundthatacommunity identifieswithorclaims 22 Reprint 2026-27