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Decentralisation in India We noted above that federal power to the level of villages and governments have two or more towns. Panchayats in villages and tiers of governments. We have municipalities in urban areas were so far discussed the two-tiers of set up in all the States. But these government in our country. But were directly under the control of a vast country like India cannot stategovernments.Electionstothese be run only through these local governments were not held So, we are like a two-tiers.StatesinIndiaareaslargeas regularly. Local governments did three-tier coach independentcountriesofEurope.In not have any powers or resources of terms of population, Uttar Pradesh theirown.Thus,therewasverylittle in a train! I always prefer the is bigger than Russia, Maharashtra decentralisation in effective terms. lower berth! is about as big as Germany. Many A major step towards decentra- of these States are internally very lisation was taken in 1992. The diverse. There is thus a need for Constitution was amended to make power sharing within these States. the third-tier of democracy more FederalpowersharinginIndianeeds powerful and effective. another tier of government, below  Now it is constitutionally that of the State governments. This mandatory to hold regular elections is the rationale for decentralisationto local government bodies. of power. Thus, resulted a third- tier of government, called local  Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of government. these institutions for the Scheduled When power is taken away from Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Central and State governments and given to local government, it is calledckward Classes.  Atleastone-thirdofallpositions decentralisation.Thebasicideabehind are reserved for women. decentralisationisthattherearealarge numberofproblemsandissueswhich  An independent institution arebestsettledatthelocallevel.People calledtheStateElectionCommission have better knowledge of problems has been created in each State to in their localities. They also have conduct panchayat and municipal elections. betterideasonwheretospendmoney and how to manage things more  The State governments are efficiently. Besides, at the local lerequired to share some powers and s it is possible for the people to direrevenue with local government i participate in decision making. This bodies. The nature of sharing varies i l helpstoinculcateahabitofdemocratic from State to State. P participation.Localgovernmentisthe Rural local government is best way to realise one important popularly known by the name i principle of democracy, namely local panchayati raj. Each village, or a a self-government. r group of villages in some States, has o The need for decentralisation a gram panchayat. This is a council m was recognised in our Constitution. consistingofseveralwardmembers, e Since then, there have been often called panch, and a president D several attempts to decentralise or sarpanch. They are directly 24 Reprint 2026-27