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inPakistanandthatofChristianityin Caste inequalities England, our Constitution does not Unlike gender and religion, caste give a special status to any religiondivisionisspecialtoIndia.Allsocieties  The Constitution provides to have some kind of social inequality all individuals and communities andsomeformofdivisionoflabour. freedom to profess, practice and In most societies, occupations are propagate any religion, or not to passed on from one generation to follow any. another. Caste system is an extreme  The Constitution prohibits formofthis.Whatmakesitdifferent discrimination on grounds of from other societies is that in this system, hereditary occupational religion.  Atthesametime,theConstitution division was sanctioned by rituals. Members of the same caste group allows the state to intervene in were supposed to form a social the matters of religion in order to community that practiced the same ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans or similar occupation, married within the caste group and did untouchability. not eat with members from other Understood in this sense, caste groups. secularism is not just an ideology of Caste system was based on some parties or persons. This idea exclusion of and discrimination constitutes one of the foundations against the ‘outcaste’ groups. They of our country. Communalism were subjected to the inhuman should not be seen as a threat to practice of untouchability about some people in India. It threatens which you have studied in Class the very idea of India. That is why IX. That is why political leaders communalismneedstobecombated. and social reformers like Jotiba A secular Constitution like ours Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar is necessary but not sufficient to and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker advocated and worked to establish combat communalism. Communal prejudices and propaganda need to a society in which caste inequalities be countered in everyday life and are absent. religion-basedmobilisationneedsto Partly due to their efforts and s becounteredinthearenaofpolitics. partly due to other socio-economic i changes, castes and caste system i in modern India have undergone l Caste and politics P We have seen two instances of the great changes. With economic development, large scale i expression of social divisions in theurbanisation ,growthofliteracyand a arenaofpolitics,onelargelypositive education, occupational mobility r andtheotherlargelynegative.Letus o and the weakening of the position m turn to our final case, that of casteof landlords in the villages, the old e and politics, that has both positive notions of caste hierarchy are D and the negative aspects. breaking down. Now, most of the 38 Reprint 2026-27