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BUSINESS, TRADE AND COMMERCE 7 7. Mithila: The traders of Mithila crossed the seas by boats, through the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea, and traded at ports on the islands of Java, Sumatra and Borneo. Mithila established trading colonies in South China, especially in Yunnan. 8. Ujjain: Agate, carnelian, muslin and mallow cloth were exported from Ujjain to different centres. It also had trade relations through the land route with Taxila and Peshawar. 9. Surat: It was the emporium of western trade during the Mughal period. Textiles of Surat were famous for their gold borders (zari). It is noteworthy that Surat hundi was honoured in far off markets of Egypt and Iran. 10. Kanchi: Today known as Kanchipuram, it was here that the Chinese used to come in foreign ships to purchase pearls, glass and rare stones and in return they sold gold and silk. 11. Madura: It was the capital of the Pandayas who controlled the pearl fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. It attracted foreign merchants, particularly Romans, for carrying out overseas trade. 12. Broach: It was the greatest seat of commerce in Western India. It was situated on the banks of river Narmada and was linked with all important marts by roadways. 13. Kaveripatta: Also knownas Kaveripatnam, it was scientific in its construction as a city and provided loading, unloading and strong facilities of merchandise. Foreign traders had their headquarters in this city. It was a convenient place for trade with Malaysia, Indonesia, China and the Far East. It was the centre of trade for perfumes, cosmetics, scents, silk, wool, cotton, corals, pearls, gold and precious stones; and also for ship building. 14. Tamralipti: It was one of the greatest ports connected both by sea and land with the West and the Far East. It was linked by road to Banaras and Taxila. With the emergence of the British development with the objective of Empire roots in India the east india achieving a self-reliant socialistic company used revenues generated pattern of society. The measures taken by the provinces under its rule for towards the same was characterised purchasing Indian raw materials, by centralised economic planning and spices and goods. This changed the emphasis on public investment in condition of the Indian economy from basic and key industries. being an exporter of processed goods Due importance was given to to the exporter of raw materials and the establishment of modern buyer of manufactured goods. industries, modern technological After independence the process and scientific institutes, space and of rebuilding the economy started nuclear programmes. But lack of and India embarked on planned capital formation, rise in population, Reprint 2026-27