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116 BUSINESS  STUDIES as managerial activities like planning,A network of computers is used for organising and controlling can be placing orders, monitoring production carried out over computer networks. and delivery of components, and The other way of looking at the scope makingpayments.Likewise,afirmmay of e-business is to examine it in strengthenand improveitsdistribution terms of people or parties involved in system by exercising a real time (as it electronic transactions. Viewed from happens) control over its stock-in- this perspective, a firm’s electronic transit as well as that with different transactions and networks can be middlemen in different locations. visualised as extending into three For example, each consignment of directions viz., (i) B2B which is a firgoods from a warehouse and the interactions with other businesses, stock-at-hand can be monitored and (ii) B2C i.e., a firm’s interactions with replenishments and reinforcements its customers and (iii) intra-B or a can be set in motion as and firm’s internal processes. when needed. Or else, a customer’s A brief discussion of various specifications may be routed through constituents of e-business and inter- and intra-transactions among them is the dealers to the factory and fed into the manufacturing system given as below: for customised production. Use of (i)  B2B Commerce: Here, both e-commerce expedites the movement of the parties involved in e-commerce the information and documents; and of transactions are business firms, and, hence the name B2B, i.e., business- late, money transfers as well. Historically, the term e-commerce to-business (see Figure 5.1). Creation originally meant facilitation of B2B of utilities or delivering value transactions using Electronic Data requires a business to interact with a number of other business firms Interchange (EDI) technology to send which may be suppliers or vendors and receive commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices. of diverse inputs; or else they may be (ii)  B2C Commerce: As the name a part of the channel through which a firm distributes its products to implies, B2C (business-to-customers) the consumers. For example, the transactions have business firms at one end and its customers on the manufacture of an automobile other end. Although, what comes to requires assembly of a large number of components which in turn are being one’s mind instantaneously is online manufactured elsewhere — within the shopping, it must be appreciated vicinity of the automobile factory or that ‘selling’ is the outcome of the marketing process. And, marketing even overseas. To reduce dependence on a single supplier, the automobile begins well before a product is offered factory has to cultivate more than one for sale and continues even after the vendor for each of the components. product has been sold. B2C commerce, Reprint 2026-27