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142 BUSINESS  STUDIES Pollution changes the physical, Wastes contain pollutants which are chemical and biological characteristics the materials of chemicals that have of air, land and water. Pollution been discarded during the process of harms human life and the life of production or consumption. Pollution other species. It also degrades living is caused by these pollutants which are released into the environment beyond conditions while wasting or depleting raw material resources. The country’s its assimilation capacity. Among cultural heritage is also affected and the various sources of pollution, it is becoming increasingly difficult industry is a major generator of waste in terms of both its quantity and to protect all historical monuments. toxicity. Business activities such as Pollution exists because the environment can absorb only a limited production, distribution, transport, amount of pollutants and wastes. storage, consumption of goods and services are known to be the most Some hazardous wastes or toxic critical sources of environmental by-products and chemicals are termed pollution problems. Many business as hazardous pollutants because they have toxic characteristics that enterprises have been responsible for causing (i) air, (ii) water (iii) land, and the environment can not assimilate. (iv) noise pollution. Pollution thus causes risks to These types of pollution are environmental quality, human health and damage to natural and man- discussed as follows: (i) Air pollution: Air pollution is the made resources. Protection of the result of a combination of factors which environment is directly related to the lowers the air quality. It is mainly control of pollution. due to carbon monoxide emitted by 6.6.1 Causes of Pollution automobiles which contributes to air pollution. Similarly, smoke and other It must be recognised that all chemicals from manufacturing plants sectors of our society viz., industry, pollute the air. Resultant air pollution government, agriculture, mining, has created a hole in the ozone layer energy, transportation, construction, leading to dangerous warming of and consumers generate waste. the earth. Environmental Problems The United Nations has identified eight problems that cause damage to the natural environment. These are:    (i) Ozone depletion      (v) Freshwater quality and quantity  (ii) Global warming    (vi) Deforestation (iii) Solid and hazardous wastes (vii)Land degradation (iv) Water pollution (viii) Danger to biological diversity Reprint 2026-27