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272 BUSINESS  STUDIES the terms of contract and letter of manifest. Import general manifest is a credit and hands it over to his or her document that contains the details of banker for their onward transmission the imported goods. It is a document and negotiation to the importer in the on the basis of which unloading of manner as specified in the letter of cargo takes place. credit. The set of documents normally (x) Customs clearance and release contains bill of exchange, commercial of goods: All the goods imported invoice, bill of lading/airway bill, into India have to pass through customs clearance after they cross the packing list, certificate of origin, marine insurance policy, etc. Indian borders. Customs clearance The bill of exchange accompanying is a somewhat tedious process and the above documents is known as calls for completing a number of the documentary bill of exchange. As formalities. Itis,therefore,advisedthat importers appoint C&F agents who are mentioned earlier in connection with well- versed with such formalities and the export procedure, documentary bill of exchange can be of two types: play an important role in getting the documents against payment (sight goods customs cleared. draft) and documents against Firstly, the importer has to obtain a delivery order which is otherwise acceptance (usance draft). In the case known as endorsement for delivery. of sight draft, the drawer instructs Generally when the ship arrives at the bank to hand over the relevant documents to the importer only the port, the importer obtains the against payment. But in the case of endorsement on the back of the bill of usance draft, the drawer instructs lading. This endorsement is done by the concerned shipping company. In the bank to hand over the relevant some cases instead of endorsing the documents to the importer against bill, the shipping company issues a acceptance of the bill of exchange. The acceptance of bill of exchange for delivery order. This order entitles the the purpose of getting delivery of the importer to take the delivery of goods. Of course, the importer has to first pay documents is known as retirement of the freight charges (if these have not import documents. Once the retirement been paid by the exporter) before he or is over, the bank hands over the import she can take possession of the goods. documents to the importer. (ix)  Arrival of goods: Goods are The importer has to also pay dock dues and obtain port trust dues shipped by the overseas supplier as receipt. For this, the importer has to per the contract. The person in charge submit to the ‘Landing and Shipping of the carrier (ship or airway) informs Dues Office’ two copies of a duly filled the officer in charge at the dock or in form — known as ‘application to the airport about the arrival of goods import’. The ‘Landing and Shipping in the importing country. He provides Dues Office’ levies a charge for services the document called import general of dock authorities which has to be Reprint 2026-27