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viewed human behaviour as a dynamic unfold their inner potential. They argued that manifestation of unconscious desires and behaviourism with its emphasis on behaviour conflicts. He founded psychoanalysis as a as determined by environmental conditions system to understand and cure psychological undermines human freedom and dignity and disorders. While Freudian psychoanalysis takes a mechanistic view of human nature. viewed human beings as motivated by These different approaches filled the unconscious desire for gratification of pleasure history of modern psychology and provided seeking (and often, sexual) desires, the multiple perspectives to its development. Each humanistic perspective in psychology took of these perspectives has its own focus and a more positive view of human nature. draws our attention to the complexity of Humanists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham psychological processes. There are strengths Maslow, emphasised the free will of human as well as weaknesses in each approach. Some beings and their natural striving to grow and of these approaches have led to further Box 1.1 Some Interesting Landmarks in the Evolution of Modern P sychology 1879 Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first behaviourism as a major approach to psychology laboratory in Leipzig, psychology. Germany. 1954 Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow 1890 William James publishes Principles of publishes ‘Motivation and Personality’. Psychology. 1954 Bureau of Psychology is established at 1895 Functionalism is formulated as a system Allahabad. of psychology. 1955 National Institute of Mental Health and 1900 Sigmund Freud develops Psychoanalysis. Neurosciences (NIMHANS) is established at 1904 Ivan Pavlov wins the Nobel Prize for his Bangalore. work on digestive system that led to 1962 Hospital for Mental Diseases in Ranchi is understanding of principles of established. development of responses. 1973 Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen win the 1905 Intelligence test developed by Binet and Nobel Prize for their work on built-in species- Simon. specific animal behaviour patterns that 1912 Gestalt psychology is born in Germany. emerge without any prior experience/ 1916 First Psychology Department at Calcutta learning. University is established. 1978 Herbert Simon wins the Nobel Prize for work 1922 Psychology is included in Indian Science on decision-making. Congress Association. 1981 David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel win the Nobel 1924 Indian Psychological Association is Prize for their research on vision cells in the founded. brain. 1924 JohnB.Watsonpublishes‘Behaviourism’, 1981 Roger Sperry wins the Nobel Prize for split- a book that led to the foundation of brain research. behaviourism. 1989 National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India 1928 N.N.SenguptaandRadhakamalMukerjee was founded. publish the first textbook on Social 1997 National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) is Psychology (London : Allen & Unwin). established at Gurgaon, Haryana. 1949 Psychological Research Wing of the 2002 Daniel Kahneman wins the Nobel Prize for Defence Science Organisation of India is research on human judgment and decision- established. making under uncertainty. 1951 Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers 2005 Thomas Schelling wins the Nobel Prize for his publishes Client-Centred Therapy. work in applying Game Theory to 1953 B.F. Skinner publishes ‘Science and understanding of conflict and cooperation in economic behaviour. Human Behaviour’, strengthening 9 Chapter 1 • What is Psychology? Reprint 2026-27