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developments in the discipline. Aspects of departure both within the country and abroad. Gestalt approach and structuralism were These attempts have tried to establish the combined and led to the development of the truth value of various assertions in Indian cognitive perspective which focuses on how philosophical traditions through scientific we know about the world. Cognition is the studies. process of knowing. It involves thinking, The modern era of Indian psychology understanding, perceiving, memorising, began in the Department of Philosophy at problem solving and a host of other mental Calcutta University where the first syllabus processes by which our knowledge of the world of experimental psychology was introduced develops, making us able to deal with the and the first psychology laboratory was environment in specific ways. Some cognitive established in 1915. Calcutta University psychologists view the human mind as an started the first Department of Psychology in information processing system like the the year 1916 and another Department of computer. Mind, according to this view is like Applied Psychology in 1938. The beginning of a computer and it receives, processes, modern experimental psychology at Calcutta transforms, stores and retrieves information. University was greatly influenced by the Indian Modern cognitive psychology views human psychologist Dr. N.N. Sengupta who was beings as actively constructing their minds trained in USA in the experimental tradition through their exploration into the physical and of Wundt. Professor G. Bose was trained in the social world. This view is sometimes calledFreudian psychoanalysis, another area which constructivism. Piaget’s view of child influenced the early development of development which will be discussed later is psychology in India. Professor Bose considered a constructivist theory of established Indian Psychoanalytical development of the mind. Another Russian Association in 1922. Departments of psychologist Vygotsky went even further to Psychology in the Universities of Mysore and suggest that the human mind develops Patna were other early centres of teaching and through social and cultural processes in which research in psychology. From these modest the mind is viewed as culturally constructed beginnings, modern psychology has grown as through joint interaction between adults and children. In other words, while for Piaget a strong discipline in India with a largenumber of centres of teaching, research and children actively construct their own minds, applications. There are two centers of Vygotsky took a view that mind is a joint excellence in psychology supported by the cultural construction and emerges as a result UGC at Utkal University, Bhubaneswar and of interaction between children and adults. at the University of Allahabad. About 70 universities offer courses in psychology. D EVELOPMENT OF P SYCHOLOGY IN INDIA Durganand Sinha in his book Psychology in a Third World Country: The Indian The Indian philosophical tradition is rich in Experience published in 1986 traces the its focus on mental processes and reflections history of modern psychology as a social on human consciousness, self, mind-body science in India in four phases. According to relations, and a variety of mental functions him, the first phase till independence was a such as cognition, perception, illusion, phase with emphasis on experimental, attention and reasoning, etc. Unfortunately, psychoanalytic and psychological testing philosophical roots in the Indian tradition havresearch, which primarily reflected the not influenced the development of modern development of the discipline in western psychology in India. The development of the countries. The second phase till the 1960s was discipline in India continues to be dominated a phase of expansion of psychology in India by western psychology, although some into different branches of psychology. During attempts have been made to find points of this phase Indian psychologists showed a 10 Psychology Reprint 2026-27