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other, in which one person (generally called (c) Group to Individuals : It is a situation interviewer) asks the questions and the other where one group of interviewers interview person (called interviewee or respondent) one person. You may experience this type answers the questions related to a problem. of situation when you appear for a job An interview is a purposeful activity conducted interview. to derive factual information, opinions and (d) Group to Group : It is a situation where attitudes, and reasons for particular onegroup of interviewers interview another behaviour, etc. from the respondents. It is group of interviewees. generallyconductedface-to-facebutsometimes Interviewingisaskillwhichrequiresproper it can also take place over the phone. training.Agoodinterviewerknowshowto make There can be two broad types of interviews: the respondent at ease and get the optimal structured or standardised, and unstructured or non-standardised. This answer. S/he remains sensitive to the way a person responds and, if needed, probes for distinction is based upon the type of moreinformation.Iftherespondentgivesvague preparation we make before conducting the answers, the interviewer may try to get specific interview. As we have to ask questions during and concrete answers. the interview, it is required that we prepare a list of questions before-hand. The list is called The interview method helps in obtaining an interview schedule. A structured interview in-depth information. It is flexible and adaptable to individual situations, and can is one where the questions in the schedule often be used when no other method is are written clearly in a particular sequence. possible or adequate. It can be used even with The interviewer has little or no liberty to make changes in the wordings of the questions or children, and non-literate persons. An the order in which they are to be asked. The interviewer can know whether the respondent responses to these questions are also, in some understands the questions, and can repeat or paraphrase questions. However, interviews cases, specified in advance. These are called require time. Often getting information from close-ended questions. In contrast, in an unstructured interview the interviewer has the one person may take an hour or more which flexibility to take decisions about the questionsay not be cost-effective. to be asked, the wording of the questions, and the sequence in which questions are to be Questionnaire Survey asked. Since responses are not specified in The questionnaire is the most common, such type of interviews, the respondent can simple, versatile, and low-cost self-report answer the questions in the way s/he chooses method of collecting information. It consists to. Such questions are called open-ended questions. For example, if the researcher of a predetermined set of questions. The wants to know about the happiness level of a respondent has to read the questions and mark the answers on paper rather than person, s/he may ask: How happy are you? respond verbally to the interviewer. They are The respondent may reply to this question the in some ways like highly structured interviews. way s/he chooses to answer. An interview may have the following Questionnaires can be distributed to a group combinations of participants in an interview of persons at a time who write down their situation: answers to the questions and return to the researcher or can be sent through mail. (a) Individual to Individual : It is a situation where one interviewer interviews another Generally, two types of questions are used in person. the questionnaire: open-ended and closed- (b) Individual to Group : In this situation, oneended. With open-ended questions, the interviewer interviews a group of persons. respondent is free to write whatever answer s/he considers appropriate. In the closed- One variant of it is called a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). ended type, the questions and their probable 31 Chapter 2 • Methods of Enquiry in Psychology Reprint 2026-27