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taker reads and answers the questions withinformationaboutaperson’sbackground, accordingly. The test administrator explains interests, and past performance. the instructions to the entire group. Individual tests are time consuming, but are important Case Study ways of getting responses from children, and from those who do not know the language. In this method, the emphasis is given on in- Group tests are easy to administer and are depth study of a particular case. Researchers focus on cases which can provide critical also less time consuming. However, the information or new learning on less responses are fraught with certain limitations. understood phenomena. The case can be an The respondent may not be motivated enough to answer the questions and may give fake individual with distinguishing characteristics responses. (for example, a patient showing psychological disorders) or a small group of individuals Psychological tests are also classified into having some commonality among them (for speed and power tests. In a speed test, there is a time limit within which the test taker is example, creative writers like Rabindra Nath required to answer all the items. Such a test Tagore, and Mahadevi Verma), institutions (for evaluates the individual on the basis of time example, poorly or successfully functioning school or a corporate office), and specific taken to answer the items accurately. In a speed test, all the items are of the same degree events (for example, children exposed to of difficulty. On the other hand, power test devastation by tsunami, war or vehicular assesses the underlying ability (or power) of pollution, etc.). The cases that we select for the individuals by allowing them sufficient study are unique and, therefore, are rich in time, i.e. these tests do not have any time limit.information. A case study employs multiple In a power test, the items are generally methods for collecting information, such as arranged in an increasing order of difficulty. interview, observation, and psychological tests If a person, for example, is unable to solve the from a variety of respondents who in some 6thitem, s/he will have difficulty in answering way or the other might be associated with the the subsequent items. It is, however, difficult case and can provide useful information. With to construct a pure speed or power test. the help of case studies, psychologists have Majority of the tests are a combination of both done research to understand feelings, speed and power. fantasies, hopes, fears, traumatic experiences, While tests are often used in research and parental upbringing and so on, that helps to for making decisions about people, tests must understand a person’s mind and behaviour. be selected and used with great care. The test Case studies provide a narrative or detailed user or the decision maker should not rely on descriptions of the events that take place in a any single test. Test data should be combined person’s life. A case study is a valuable research tool in Activity 2.4 the field of clinical psychology and human development. Freud’s insights that led to the Take a test with its manual and read it carefudevelopment of psychoanalytic theory emerged and identify the following : • Number and type of items from his observations and showed that • Information about reliability, validity, andeticulous records must be maintained on norms individual cases. Similarly, Piaget developed • Type of test: verbal or otherwise, individuals theory of cognitive development on the or group basis of observations of his three children. • Type of test: Speed, power, or mixed Case studies have been conducted to • Any other characteristics understand the pattern of socialisation of Discuss these with other students and the children. For example, Minturn and Hitchcock teacher. conducted a case study of socialisation of 34 Psychology Reprint 2026-27