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based on their genotype. For example, because of their genotype, children may perform well in music or sports and they will seek and Macrosystem spend more time in environments, which will lois Bee enable them to perform their musical skills; Ido Exosystem s Mesosystem similarly an athlete would seek sports-related environment. These interactions with Friends Microsystem Neighbour environment keep changing from infancy Family School The through adolescence. Environmental Individualers influences are as complex as the genes we inherit. s ReligioNeighbourhood a dtMass settings Worko Ifyourclassmonitorisselectedonthebasis tAedia Plase of being academically bright and a popular student, do you think it is because of her/his genes or the influence of the environment? If a Time child from a rural area who is very intelligent, is not able to get a job because of her/his Chronosystem inability to express herself/himself fluently or handle computers, do you think - it is because of genes or environment? Fig.3.1 : Bronfenbrenner’s Contextual View of C ONTEXT OF D EVELOPMENT Development Development does not take place in a vacuum. It is always embedded in a adolescent’s friends, are experiences likely particular socio-cultural context. As you to influence an individual’s relationships shall read in this chapter, transition with others. The exosystem includes during one’s lifetime such as entering events in social settings where the child school, becoming an adolescent, finding does not participate directly, but they jobs, marrying, having children, influence the childs’ experiences in the retirement, etc. all are joint functions of immediate context. For example, the the biological changes and changes in transfer of father or mother may cause one’s environment. The environment can tension among the parents which might change or alter during any time of the affect their interactions with the child or the individual’s life-span. general amenities available to the child like Urie Bronfenbrenner’s contextual view of development emphasises the role of quality of schooling, libraries, medical care, means of entertainment, etc. Macrosystem environmental factors in the development of an includes the culture in which the individual individual. This has been depicted in Figure 3.1. lives. Chronosystem involves events in the individual’s life course, and socio-historical The microsystem is the immediate environment/setting in which the circumstances of the time such as, divorce individual lives. It is in these settings where of parents or parents’ economic setback, and their effect on the child. the child directly interacts with social agents – the family, peers, teachers, and In a nutshell, Bronfenbrenner’s view is that neighbourhood. The mesosystem consists a child’s development is significantly affected of relations between these contexts. For by the complex world that envelops her/him instance, how a child’s parents relate to the – whether it be the minutiae of the teachers, or how the parents view the conversations s/he has with her/his 44 Psychology Reprint 2026-27