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to insecurity and dependency. The elderly tend spouse is usually seen as the most difficult to look towards others to lean on and to care loss. Those left behind after the death of their for them. Indian culture favours dependency partner suffer deep grief, cope with loneliness, of elderly on their children, for old age needs depression, financial loss and are also at risk caring. In fact, parents in most oriental of many health related problems. Widows by cultures rear their children with the fond hope far out number widowers, because studies that they will care for them during old age. It show that women live longer than men and is important to give the elderly a sense of tend to marry men older than themselves. security and belonging, a feeling that people During such times, support from children, care for them (especially in the time of crisis), grandchildren, and friends can help the and to remember that we all have to grow old individual cope with the loss of spouse. one day. People in different cultures view death differently. In the Gond culture in our country, Activity 3.5 it is believed that death is caused by magic and demon. In the Tanala culture of Madagascar, natural forces are thought to Interview people from three different stages of life, for example, 20-35, 35-60 and over 60 years of cause death. Human development as you have age. Talk to them about: read in this chapter thus, helps you to a. Major transitions that have taken place in understand the influence of various factors their lives. in an individual’s lifetime. b. How they feel these transitions have affected them? Compare the events considered important in Key Terms different groups. Adolescence, Animism, Attachment, Centration, Cephalocaudal trend, Concrete Although death is more likely to occur in operational stage, Deductive thought, late adulthood, death can come at any point Development,Egocentrism,Evolution,Gender, in development. The deaths, especially of Identity, Infancy, Maturation, Menarche, Motor development, Object permanence, children and younger adults, are often Operations, Phenotype, Prenatal period, perceived to be more tragic than those of Preoperational stage, Primary sex others. In children and younger adults, death characteristics, Proximodistal trend, Puberty, is more likely to occur because of accidents Reflexes, Secondary sex characteristics, Self, but in older adults it is more likely to occur Sensorimotor stage, Teratogens because of chronic disease. The death of a Summary • Prenatal development may be affected by maternal malnutrition, maternal drug use and some maternal illnesses. • Motordevelopmentfollowscephalocaudalandproximodistaltrends.Earlymotordevelopment depends on both maturation and learning. • Cultural variations in child rearing can affect the patterns of attachment between the child and the caregiver. • AccordingtoPiaget’stheoryofcognitivedevelopment,themaincharacteristicsofsensorimotor stage is the child’s gradual recognition of the permanence of objects. The preoperational stage is marked by certain deficiencies in thinking such as centration, irreversibility, and egocentrism. 58 Psychology Reprint 2026-27