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so, we give meaning to stimuli by using our approach lays emphasis on the perceiver, and learning, memory, motivation, emotions, and considers perception as a process of other psychological processes. The process by recognition or identification of stimuli. Studies which we recognise, interpret or give meaning show that in perception both the processes to the information provided by sense organs is interact with each other to provide us with an called perception. In interpreting stimuli or understanding of the world. events, individuals often construct them in their own ways. Thus perception is not merely T HE PERCEIVER an interpretation of objects or events of the external or internal world as they exist, instead Human beings are not just mechanical and it is also a construction of those objects and events from one’s own point of view. passive recipients of stimuli from the external world. They are creative beings, and try to The process of meaning-making involves understand the external world in their own certain sub-processes. These are shown in ways. In this process their motivations and Fig.4.1. expectations, cultural knowledge, past Processing Approaches in Perception experiences, and memories as well as values, beliefs, and attitudes play an important role in How do we identify an object? Do we identify a giving meaning to the external world. Some of dog because we have first recognised its furry these factors are described here. coat, its four legs, its eyes, ears, and so on, or do we recognise these different parts because Motivation we have first identified a dog? The idea that The needs and desires of a perceiver strongly recognition process begins from the parts, influence her/his perception. People want to which serve as the basis for the recognition of fulfil their needs and desires through various the whole is known as bottom-up processing. means.Onewaytodothisistoperceiveobjects The notion that recognition process begins in a picture as something that will satisfy their from the whole, which leads to identification need. Experiments were conducted to examine of its various components is known as top- the influence of hunger on perception. When down processing. The bottom-up approach hungry persons were shown ambiguous lays emphasis on the features of stimuli in pictures, they were found to perceive them as perception, and considers perception as a picturesoffoodobjectsmoreoftenthansatiated process of mental construction. The top-down (non-hungry) persons. Fig.4.1 : Sub-processes of Perception Chapter 4 • Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes 67 Reprint 2026-27