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the first item of the list is shown, and the a list containing the same association value. participant has to produce the second item. If On the basis of research findings, the following s/he fails to do so within the prescribed time, generalisations have been made. the experimenter presents the second item. Learning time increases with increase in Now this item becomes the stimulus and the length of the list, occurrence of words with low participant has to produce the third item that association values or lack of relations among is the response word. If s/he fails, the the items in the list. The more time it takes to experimenter gives the correct item, which learn the list, stronger will be the learning. In becomes the stimulus item for the fourth word. this respect psychologists have found that the This procedure is called serial anticipation total time principle operates. This principle method. Learning trials continue until the states that a fixed amount of time is necessary participant correctly anticipates all the items to learn a fixed amount of material, regardless in the given order. of the number of trials into which that time is 3. Free Recall : In this method, participants are divided. The more time it takes to learn, the presented a list of words, which they read and stronger becomes the learning. If participants are not restricted to the speakout.Eachwordisshownatafixedrateof serial learning method and are allowed to give exposure duration. Immediately after the free recall, verbal learning becomes presentation of the list, the participants are required to recall the words in any order they organisational. It implies that in free recall can. Words in the list may be interrelated or participants recall the words not in their order of presentation, but in a new order or unrelated. More than ten words are included in sequence. Bousfield first demonstrated this the list. The presentation order of words varies experimentally. He made a list of 60 words from trial to trial. This method is used to study how participants organise words for storage in that consisted of 15 words drawn from each memory.Studiesindicatethattheitemsplaced of the four semantic categories, i.e. names, animals, professions, and vegetables. These in the beginning or end of the lists are easier to words were presented to participants one by recall than those placed in the middle, which one in random order. The participants were are more difficult to recall. required to make free recall of the words. Determinants of Verbal Learning However, they recalled the words of each category together. He called it category Verbal learning has been subjected to the most clustering. It is worth noting that, though, extensive experimental investigations. These the words were presented randomly the studies have indicated that the course of verbal participants organised them category-wise in learning is influenced by a number of factors. recall. Here category clustering occurred The most important determinants are the because of the nature of the list. It has also different features of the verbal material to be been demonstrated that free recall is always learned. They include length of the list to be organised subjectively. Subjective organisation learned and meaningfulness of the material. shows that the participants organise words Meaningfulness of material is measured in or items in their individual ways and recall several ways. The number of associations accordingly. elicited in a fixed time, familiarity of the Verbal learning is usually intentional but material and frequency of usage, relations a person may learn some features of the words among the words in the list, and sequential unintentionally or incidentally. In this kind of dependence of each word of the list on the learning, participants notice features such as preceding words, are used for assessing whether two or more words rhyme, start with meaningfulness.Listsofnonsensesyllablesare identical letters, have same vowels, etc. Thus, available with different levels of associations. verbal learning is both intentional as well as Thenonsensesyllablesshouldbeselectedfrom incidental. 89 Chapter 5 • Learning Reprint 2026-27