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Thus deductive reasoning begins with making conclude that the person had left his bag in a general assumption that you know or believe the train. One mistake you would probably tobetrueandthendrawingspecificconclusion make here is jumping to a conclusion without based on this assumption. In other words, it is knowing all possible facts. reasoning from general to particular. Your Fromtheabovediscussionwecanconclude general assumption is that people run on the that reasoning is the process of gathering and railwayplatformonlywhentheyaregettinglate analysing information to arrive at conclusions. In this sense, reasoning is also a form of for the train. The man is running on the platform. Therefore, he is getting late for the problem solving. The goal is to determine what train. One mistake that you are making (and conclusion can be drawn from certain given generally people do commit such mistakes in information. deductive reasoning) is that you (they) assume Most cases of scientific reasoning are inductive in nature. Scientists and even but do not always know if the basic statement or assumption is true. If the base information lay persons consider a number of instances is not true, i.e. people also run on the platformnd try to determine what general rule covers for other reasons then your conclusion them all. Think of yourself using your knowledge of problem solving steps discussed would be invalid or wrong. Look at the mouse earlier in planning for a play, or conducting a in Fig.7.3. project. Your inductive reasoning is being applied here. r lgs, Analogy is another form of reasoning havefu gs which involves four parts, A is to B as C is to Alcatavefurleacat IhefoeIam D with the relation between the first two parts ther being the same as the relation between the last two. For example, water is to fish as air is to human; white is to snow as black is to coal. Analogies can be helpful in solving problems. They help us in identifying and visualising the salient attributes of an object or event, which would otherwise go unnoticed. D ECISION-MAKING Fig.7.3 : Is the mouse making a True and Valid Conclusion? Inductive and deductive reasonings allow us Another way to figure out why the man is to make judgments. In judgment we draw running on the platform is to use inductive conclusions, form opinions, evaluate events, reasoning.Sometimesyouwouldanalyseother objects, based on knowledge and available possible reasons and observe what the man is evidences. Consider this example, the man is very talkative, likes to mix with people, can actually doing and then draw a conclusion about his behaviour. Reasoning, that is based convince others with ease — he would be most on specific facts and observation, is called suitable for a salesperson’s job. Our judgment inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is of this person is based on the specific drawing a general conclusion based on characteristics of an expert salesperson. Here we will discuss how we make decisions and particular observation. In the earlier example, you observed the other person’s subsequent judgments. action or actions such as: entering into the Sometimes judgments are automatic and train compartment and returning with a bag. require no conscious effort by the person and Based on your observation you would occur as a matter of habit, for example, Chapter 7 • Thinking 115 Reprint 2026-27