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and to maintain friendly relationships with socio-cultural influences. Persons high in other people. achievement motivation tend to prefer tasks that are moderately difficult and challenging. Need for Power They have stronger-than-average desire for Need for power is an ability of a person to feedback on their performance, that is to know how they are doing, so that they can adjust produce intended effects on the behaviour and their goals to meet the challenge. emotions of another person. The various goals of power motivation are to influence, control, persuade, lead, and charm others and most Curiosity and Exploration importantly to enhance one’s own reputation Oftenpeopleengageinactivitieswithoutaclear in the eyes of other people. goal or purpose but they derive some kind of David McClelland (1975) described four pleasure out of it. It is a motivational tendency general ways of expression of the power toactwithoutanyspecificidentifiablegoal.The motive. First, people do things to gain feeling tendency to seek for a novel experience, gain of power and strength from sources outside pleasure by obtaining information, etc. are themselves by reading stories about sports signs of curiosity. Hence, curiosity describes stars or attaching themselves to a popular behaviour whose primary motive appears to figure. Second, power can also be felt from remain in the activities themselves. sources within us and may be expressed by What will happen if the sky falls on us? building up the body and mastering urges and Questions of this kind (What will happen if…) impulses. Third, people do things as stimulate intellectuals to find answers. individuals to have an impact on others. For Studies show that this curiosity behaviour is example, a person argues, or competes with not only limited to human beings, animals too another individual in order to have an impact show the same kind of behaviour. We are or influence on that person. Fourth, people driven to explore the environment by our do things as members of organisations to have curiosity and our need for sensory stimulation. an impact on others as in the case of the leaderThe need for varied types of sensory of a political party; the individual may use thestimulations is closely related to curiosity. It party apparatus to influence others. However, is the basic motive, and exploration and for any individual, one of these ways of curiosity are the expressions of it. expressing power motivation may dominate, Our ignorance about a number of things but with age and life experiences, it varies. around us becomes a powerful motivator to explore the world. We get easily bored with Need for Achievement repetitiveexperiences.Sowelookforsomething You might have observed some students work new. very hard and compete with others for good In the case of infants and small children, marks/grades in the examination, as good this motive is very dominant. They get marks/grades will create opportunities for satisfaction from being allowed to explore, which is reflected in their smiling and higher studies and better job prospects. It is the achievement motivation, which refers to babbling. Children become easily distressed, the desire of a person to meet standards of when the motive to explore is discouraged, as excellence. Need for achievement, also known you have read in Chapter 3. as n-Ach, energises and directs behaviour as well as influences the perception of situations. M ASLOW ’S HIERARCHY OF N EEDS During the formative years of social development, children acquire achievement There are various views on human motivation, motivation. The sources from which they learn the most popular among these is given by it, include parents, other role models, and Abraham H. Maslow (1968; 1970). He 130 Psychology Reprint 2026-27