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you feel angry and movements when you feel of contempt. The Japanese produced varied shy? Theatre and drama provide an excellent emotional labels for facial expressions of happiness (10 labels), anger (8 labels), and opportunity to understand the impact of body movements in communicating emotions. The disgust (6 labels). Ancient Chinese literature roles of gestures and proximal behaviours are cites seven emotions, namely, joy, anger, also significant. You must have seen how in sadness, fear, love, dislike, and liking. Ancient Indian literature identifies eight such Indian classical dances like Bharatanatyam, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Kathak and others, emotions, namely, love, mirth,energy,wonder, emotions are expressed with the help of anger, grief, disgust, and fear. In Western movements of eyes, legs, and fingers. The literature, certain emotions like happiness, dancers are trained rigorously in the grammar sadness,fear,anger,anddisgustareuniformly treated as basic to human beings. Emotions of body movement and non-verbal communication to express joy, sorrow, love, like surprise, contempt, shame, and guilt are anger, and various other forms of emotional not accepted as basic to all. states. In brief, it might be said that there are certain basic emotions that are expressed and The processes involved in emotions have understood by all despite their cultural and been known to be influenced by culture. Cultural differences have also been found in ethnic differences, and there are certain others the gaze behaviour. It has been observed that that are specific to a particular culture. the Latin Americans and the Southern Europeans direct their gaze to the eyes of the M ANAGING N EGATIVE EMOTIONS interactant. Asians, in particular, Indians and Pakistanis, prefer a peripheral gaze (looking Try living a day in which you do not feel any away from the conversational partner) during emotion. You would realise that it is difficult an interaction. even to imagine a life without emotions. Emotions are a part of our daily life and Culture and Emotional Labeling existence. They form the very fabric of our life and interpersonal relations. Basic emotions also vary in the extent of Effective emotion management is the key elaborationandcategoricallabels.TheTahitian language includes 46 labels for the English to effective social functioning in modern times. word anger. When asked to label freely, the The following tips might prove useful to you for achieving the desired balance of North American subjects produced 40 different emotions : responsesforthefacialexpressionofangerand 81 different responses for the facial expression Box 8.1 Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder A disaster produces serious disruption of the Either of these conditions may lead to development functioning of human society, resulting in of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where the widespread material or environmental loss, person tends to re-experience the event through which cannot be dealt with immediately with thelashbacks and get overwhelming thoughts about the existing resources. Disaster may be natural (likent even after a substantial period of time. This earthquake/cyclone/tsunami) or man-made (like condition makes a person emotionally disturbed and war). The trauma an individual experiences the person fails to adopt an appropriate coping during a disaster may range from mere strategy in regular activities. Emotions manifest in perception of such an event to actually uniquely recognisable patterns with maladaptive encountering it, which may be life threatening.ehaviour (like depression) and autonomic arousal. Chapter 8 • Motivation and Emotion 133 Reprint 2026-27