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Work These Out Ø Discuss in your class the changes in technology used for (a) Production of food grains (b) Packaging of products (c) Mass communication Ø Find out and prepare a list of major items that India imported and exported during 1990-91 and 2018-19. (For this, see P. 145 also). (a) Observe the difference (b) Do you see the impact of self-reliance? Discuss. For getting these details you may refer to Economic Survey of the latest year. produced in India itself. This policy needs such as food, a decent house, was considered a necessity in order to education and health care and reduce our dependence on foreign inequality in the distribution of wealth countries, especially for food. It is should be reduced. understandable that people who were Let us now see how the first seven recently freed from foreign domination five year plans, covering the period should give importance to self- 1950-1990, attempted to attain these reliance. Further, it was feared that four goals and the extent to which dependence on imported food they succeeded in doing so, with supplies, foreign technology and reference to agriculture, industry foreign capital may make India’s and trade. You will study the policies sovereignty vulnerable to foreign and developmental issues taken up interference in our policies. after 1991 in Chapter 3. Equity: Now growth, modernisation 2.3 A GRICULTURE and self-reliance, by themselves, may not improve the kind of life which You have learnt in Chapter 1 that during the colonial rule there was people are living. A country can have neither growth nor equity in the high growth, the most modern technology developed in the country agricultural sector. The policy makers itself, and also have most of its peopleof independent India had to address living in poverty. It is important to these issues which they did through land reforms and promoting the use ensure that the benefits of economic prosperity reach the poor sections as of ‘High Yielding Variety’ (HYV) seeds well instead of being enjoyed only by which ushered in a revolution in the rich. So, in addition to growth, Indian agriculture. modernisation and self-reliance, Land Reforms: At the time of equity is also important. Every Indian independence, the land tenure system should be able to meet his or her basic was characterised by intermediaries 22 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Reprint 2026-27