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been adversely affected, water bodies In addition, awareness is spreading including ground water system have about various animals and birds which sufferedduetochemicalcontamination help in controlling pests. For example, and demand for irrigation has been snakes are one of the prime group of going up year after year. animalswhichpreyuponrats,miceand Farmers, in large numbers all over various other pests. Similarly, large the country, have again started using varieties of birds, for example, owls and compost made from organic wastes of peacocks, prey upon vermin and pests. different types. In certain parts of the If these are allowed to dwell around the country, cattle are maintained only agricultural areas, they can clear large varieties of pests including insects. because they produce dung which is an important fertiliser and soil Lizards are also important in this conditioner. regard.Weneedtoknowtheirvalueand Earthworms can convert organic save them. matter into compost faster than the Sustainable development has become a catch phrase today. It is normal composting process. This process is now being widely used. ‘indeed’ a paradigm shift in Indirectly, the civic authorities are development thinking. Though it has benefited too as they have to dispose been interpreted in a number of ways, reduced quantity of waste. adherence to this path ensures lasting development and non-declining welfare Biopest Control: With the advent of for all. green revolution, the entire country entered into a frenzy to use more and 7.6 C ONCLUSION more chemical pesticides for higher Economicdevelopment,whichaimedat yield. Soon, the adverse impacts began increasing the production of goods and to show; food products were services to meet the needs of a rising contaminated, soil, water bodies and population, puts greater pressure on even ground water were polluted with the environment. In the initial stages pesticides. Even milk, meat and fishes of development, the demand for were found to be contaminated. environmental resources was less than To meet this challenge, efforts are that of supply. Now the world is on to bring in better methods of pest faced with increased demand for control. One such step is the use of environmental resources but their pesticides based on plant products. supply is limited due to overuse and Neem trees are proving to be quite misuse. Sustainable development aims useful. Several types of pest controllingat promoting the kind of development chemicalshavebeenisolatedfromneem thatminimisesenvironmentalproblems and these are being used. Mixed and meets the needs of the present cropping and growing different crops generation without compromising the in consecutive years on the same land ability of the future generation to meet have also helped farmers. their own needs. 128 INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Reprint 2026-27