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94 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY unstable and cause rainfall throughout the snowy. The frost free season is short. The year. They occur in eastern United States of annual ranges of temperature are large. The America, southern and eastern China, weather changes are abrupt and short. southern Japan, northeastern Argentina, Poleward, the winters are more severe. coastal south Africa and eastern coast of Australia. The annual averages of precipitation Cold Climate with Dry Winters (Dw) vary from 75-150 cm. Thunderstorms in summer and frontal precipitation in winter are Cold climate with dry winter occurs mainly common. Mean monthly temperature in over Northeastern Asia. The development of summer is around 27°C, and in winter it varies pronounced winter anti cyclone and its weakening in summer sets in monsoon like from 5°-12° C. The daily range of temperature is small. reversal of wind in this region. Poleward summer temperatures are lower and winter Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb) temperatures are extremely low with many locations experiencing below freezing point Marine west coast climate is located poleward from the Mediterranean climate on the west temperatures for up to seven months in a year. Precipitation occurs in summer. The annual coast of the continents. The main areas are: precipitation is low from 12-15 cm. Northwestern Europe, west coast of North America, north of California, southern Chile, Polar Climates (E) southeastern Australia and New Zealand. Due to marine influence, the temperature is Polar climates exist poleward beyond 70° latitude. Polar climates consist of two types: moderate and in winter, it is warmer than for its latitude. The mean temperature in summer (i) Tundra (ET); (ii) Ice Cap (EF). months ranges from 15°-20°C and in winter 4°-10°C. The annual and daily ranges of Tundra Climate (ET) The tundra climate (ET) is so called after the temperature are small. Precipitation occurs throughout the year. Precipitation varies types of vegetation, like low growing mosses, greatly from 50-250cm. lichens and flowering plants. This is the region ofpermafrostwherethesubsoilispermanently frozen. The short growing season and water Cold Snow Forest Climates (D) Cold snow forest climates occur in the large logging support only low growing plants. During summer, the tundra regions have very continental area in the northern hemisphere long duration of day light. between 40°-70° north latitudes in Europe, Asia and North America. Cold snow forest Ice Cap Climate (EF) climates are divided into two types: (i) Df- cold climate with humid winter; (ii) Dw- cold climateThe ice cap climate (EF) occurs over interior Greenland and Antartica. Even in summer, the with dry winter. The severity of winter is more pronounced in higher latitudes. temperature is below freezing point. This area receives very little precipitation. The snow and icegetaccumulatedandthemountingpressure Cold Climate with Humid Winters (Df) causes the deformation of the ice sheets and Cold climate with humid winter occurs they break. They move as icebergs that float in poleward of marine west coast climate and mid the Arctic and Antarctic waters. Plateau latitude steppe. The winters are cold and Station, Antarctica ,79°S, portray this climate. Reprint 2026-27