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22 INDIA : PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT river system is the largest in India having a The Kosi is an antecedent river with its number of perennial and non-perennial source to the north of Mount Everest in Tibet, rivers originating in the Himalayas in the where its main stream Arun rises. After north and the Peninsula in the south, crossing the Central Himalayas in Nepal, it is respectively. The Son is its major right bank joined by the Son Kosi from the West and the tributary. The important left bank Tamur Kosi from the east. It forms Sapt Kosi tributaries are the Ramganga, the Gomati, the Ghaghara, the Gandak, the Kosi and the after uniting with the river Arun. The Ramganga is comparatively a small Mahananda. The river finally discharges river rising in the Garhwal hills near Gairsain. itself into the Bay of Bengal near the Itchangesitscoursetothesouthwestdirection Sagar Island. after crossing the Shiwalik and enters into the The Yamuna, the western most and the longest tributary of the Ganga, has its source plainsofUttarPradeshnearNajibabad.Finally, in the Yamunotri glacier on the western it joins the Ganga near Kannauj. slopes of Banderpunch range (6,316 m). It TheDamodaroccupiestheeasternmargins of the Chotanagpur Plateau where it flows joins the Ganga at Prayag (Allahabad). It is through a rift valley and finally joins the Hugli. joined by the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and the Ken on its right bank which The Barakar is its main tributary. Once known originates from the Peninsular plateau while as the ‘sorrow of Bengal’, the Damodar has the Hindan, the Rind, the Sengar, the Varuna, been now tamed by the Damodar Valley etc. join it on its left bank. Much of its watercorporation, a multipurpose project. feeds the western and eastern Yamuna and The Sarda or Saryu river rises in the Milam the Agra canals for irrigation purposes. glacier in the Nepal Himalayas where it is Name the states which are drained by known as the Goriganga. Along the Indo-Nepal the river Yamuna. border, it is called Kali or Chauk, where it joins the Ghaghara. The Mahananda is another important The Chambal rises near Mhow in the Malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh and flows tributary of the Ganga rising in the Darjiling northwards through a gorge up wards of Kota hills. It joins the Ganga as its last left bank in Rajasthan, where the Gandhisagar dam has tributary in West Bengal. The Son is a large south bank tributary of beenconstructed.FromKota,ittraversesdown the Ganga, originating in the Amarkantak to Bundi, Sawai Madhopur and Dholpur, and plateau. After forming a series of waterfalls at finally joins the Yamuna. The Chambal is famous for its badland topography called the the edge of the plateau, it reaches Arrah, west Chambal ravines. of Patna, to join the Ganga. The Gandak comprises two streams, The Brahmaputra System namely Kaligandak and Trishulganga. It rises intheNepalHimalayasbetweentheDhaulagiri The Brahmaputra, one of the largest rivers and Mount Everest and drains the central part of the world, has its origin in the of Nepal. It enters the Ganga plain in Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash Champaran district of Bihar and joins the range near the Mansarovar lake. From here, Ganga at Sonpur near Patna. it traverses eastward longitudinally for a The Ghaghara originates in the glaciers of distance of nearly 1,200 km in a dry and Mapchachungo. After collecting the waters of flat region of southern Tibet, where it is its tributaries – Tila, Seti and Beri, it comes known as the Tsangpo, which means ‘the out of the mountain, cutting a deep gorge at purifier.’ The Rango Tsangpo is the major Shishapani. The river Sarda (Kali or Kali right bank tributary of this river in Tibet. It Ganga)joinsitintheplainbeforeitfinallymeets emerges as a turbulent and dynamic river the Ganga at Chhapra. after carving out a deep gorge in the Central 2026-27