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24 INDIA : PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Pranhita, and the Manjra are its principal The Tapi is the other important westward tributaries. The Godavari is subjected to heavy flowingriver.ItoriginatesfromMultaiintheBetul floods in its lower reaches to the south of district of Madhya Pradesh. It is 724 km long Polavaram, where it forms a picturesque gorge. It is navigable only in the deltaic stretch. Theand drains an area of 65,145 sq.m. Nearly 79 percentofitsbasinliesinMaharashtra,15per river after Rajamundri splits into several cent in Madhya Pradesh and the remaining branches forming a large delta. 6 per cent in Gujarat. The Krishna is the second largest east- Luni is the largest river system of flowing Peninsular river which rises near Mahabaleshwar in Sahyadri. Its total length Rajasthan, west of Aravali. It originates near Pushkar in two branches, i.e. the Saraswati is 1,401 km. The Koyna, the Tungbhadra and and the Sabarmati, which join with each other the Bhima are its major tributaries. Of the totaat Govindgarh. From here, the river comes out catchment area of the Krishna, 27 per cent of Aravali and is known as Luni. It flows lies in Maharashtra, 44 per cent in Karnataka and 29 per cent in Andhra Pradesh towards the west till Telwara and then takes a southwest direction to join the Rann of and Telangana. Kuchchh.Theentireriversystemisephemeral. The Kaveri rises in Brahmagiri hills (1,341m) of Kogadu district in Karnataka. Its E XTENT OF U SABILITY OF RIVER W ATER length is 800 km and it drains an area of 81,155 sq. km. Since the upper catchment The rivers of India carry huge volumes of water per year but it is unevenly distributed both in area receives rainfall during the southwest monsoon season (summer) and the lower part time and space. There are perennial rivers during the northeast monsoon season carrying water throughout the year while the (winter), the river carries water throughout thenon-perennialrivershaveverylittlewaterduring year with comparatively less fluctuation than the dry season. During the rainy season, much the other Peninsular rivers. About 3 per cent of the water is wasted in floods and flows down of the Kaveri basin falls in Kerala, 41 per centtothesea.Similarly,whenthereisafloodinone in Karnataka and 56 per cent in Tamil Nadu. part of the country, the other area suffers from Its important tributaries are the Kabini, the drought. Why does this happen? Is it the Bhavani and the Amravati. problem of availability of water resource or The Narmada originates on the western that of its management? Can you suggest flank of the Amarkantak plateau at a height some measures to mitigate the problems of about 1,057 m. Flowing in a rift valley of floods and droughts simultaneously between the Satpura in the south and the occuring in different parts of the country? Vindhyan range in the north, it forms a (See Chapter 6 of the book). picturesque gorge in marble rocks and Dhuandhar waterfall near Jabalpur. After Can these problems be solved or flowing a distance of about 1,312 km, it minimised by trasfering the surplus water meets the Arabian sea south of Bharuch, from one basin to the water deficit basins? Do forming a broad 27 km long estuary. Its we have some schemes of inter-basin linkage? catchment area is about 98,796 sq. km. The Sardar Sarovar Project has been constructed on this river. Teachers may explain the following examples • Periyar Diversion Scheme Collect information about Narmada • Indira Gandhi Canal Project river conservation mission named • Kurnool-Cuddapah Canal “Namami Devi Narmade” and discuss • Beas-Satluj Link Canal • Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal with your peers. 2026-27