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34 INDIA : PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT south rather it increases from the coast to between 25 mm and 18 mm respectively. the interior. The mean daily minimum (ii) Central parts of India and northern temperature during the summer months also parts of southern Peninsula also get remains quite high and rarely goes below 26°°C. winter rainfall occasionally. (iii) Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in the Pressure and Winds : The summer months northeastern parts of India also have are a period of excessive heat and falling air rains between 25 mm and 50 mm during these winter months. pressure in the northern half of the country. Because of the heating of the subcontinent, (iv) During October and November, the ITCZ moves northwards occupying a northeast monsoon while crossing over the Bay of Bengal, picks up moisture position centred at 25°°N in July. Roughly, and causes torrential rainfall over the this elongated low pressure monsoon trough extends over the Thar desert in the north-west Tamil Nadu coast, southern Andhra to Patna and Chotanagpur plateau in the Pradesh, southeast Karnataka and southeast Kerala. east-southeast. The location of the ITCZ attracts a surface circulation of the winds The Hot Weather Season which are southwesterly on the west coast as well as along the coast of West Bengal and Temperature: With the apparent northward movement of the sun towards the Tropic of Bangladesh. They are easterly or south- Cancer in March, temperatures start rising easterly over north Bengal and Bihar. It has been discussed earlier that these currents of in north India. April, May and June are the southwesterly monsoon are in reality months of summer in north India. In most parts of India, temperatures recorded are ‘displaced’ equatorial easterlies. The influx of between 30°-32°°C. In March, the highest these winds by mid-June brings about a change in the weather towards the day temperature of about 38°°C occurs in the Deccan Plateau while in April, rainy season. temperature ranging between 38°°C and In the heart of the ITCZ in the northwest, 43°°C are found in Gujarat and Madhya the dry and hot winds known as ‘Loo’, blow in the afternoon, and very often, they Pradesh. In May, the heat belt moves further north, and in the north-western part continue to well into midnight. Dust storms of India, temperatures around 48°°C are in the evening are very common during May not uncommon. in Punjab, Haryana, Eastern Rajasthan and The hot weather season in south India is Uttar Pradesh. These temporary storms mild and not so intense as found in north bring a welcome respite from the oppressing India. The Peninsular situation of south India with moderating effect of the oceans heat since they bring with them light rains keeps the temperatures lower than that and a pleasant cool breeze. Occasionally, the moisture-laden winds are attracted towards prevailing in north India. So, temperatures remain between 26°°C and 32°°C. Due to the periphery of the trough. A sudden altitude, the temperatures in the hills of contact between dry and moist air masses Western Ghats remain below 25°°C. In the gives rise to local storms of great intensity. coastal regions, the north-south extent of These local storms are associated with isotherms parallel to the coast confirms that violent winds, torrential rains and even temperature does not decrease from north to hailstorms. 2026-27