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CLIMATE 37 Rajasthan and along the Aravalis, Rajasthan by the first week of September. It causing only a scanty rainfall. In Punjab withdraws from Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western and Haryana, it too joins the Bay of Ganga plain and the Central Highlands by the Bengal branch. These two branches, end of the month. By the beginning of October, reinforced by each other, cause rains in the low pressure covers northern parts of the the western Himalayas, Bay of Bengal and by early November, it moves over Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. By the middle of December, the centre of low Monsoon Winds of the Bay of Bengal The Bay of Bengal branch strikes the coast pressure is completely removed from the Peninsula. of Myanmar and part of southeast The retreating southwest monsoon season Bangladesh. But the Arakan Hills along the is marked by clear skies and rise in coast of Myanmar deflect a big portion of temperature. The land is still moist. Owing to this branch towards the Indian the conditions of high temperature and subcontinent. The monsoon, therefore, humidity, the weather becomes rather enters West Bengal and Bangladesh from oppressive. This is commonly known as the south and southeast instead of from the ‘October heat’. In the second half of October, south-westerly direction. From here, this the mercury begins to fall rapidly, particularly branch splits into two under the influence in northern India. The weather in the retreating monsoon is dry in north India but of the Himalayas and the thermal low is northwest India. Its one branch moves it is associated with rain in the eastern part of westward along the Ganga plains reaching the Peninsula. Here, October and November as far as the Punjab plains. The other branch are the rainiest months of the year. The widespread rain in this season is moves up the Brahmaputra valley in the associated with the passage of cyclonic north and the northeast, causing depressions which originate over the widespread rains. Its sub-branch strikes the Garo and Khasi hills of Meghalaya. Andaman Sea and manage to cross the Mawsynram, located on the crest of Khasi eastern coast of the southern Peninsula. These tropical cyclones are very destructive. hills, receives the highest average annual The thickly populated deltas of the Godavari, rainfall in the world. Krishna and Kaveri are their preferred targets. Here it is important to know why the Tamil Nadu coast remains dry during this season. Every year cyclones bring disaster here. A few cyclonic storms also strike the coast of West There are two factors responsible for it: Bengal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. A bulk of (i) The Tamil Nadu coast is situated the rainfall of the Coromondal coast is derived from these depressions and cyclones. Such parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch of cyclonic storms are less frequent in the southwest monsoon. (ii) It lies in the rainshadow area of the Arabian Sea. Arabian Sea branch of the south-west TRADITIONAL INDIAN S EASONS monsoon. In the Indian tradition, a year is divided into Season of Retreating Monsoon six two-monthly seasons. This cycle of seasons, which the common people in north The months of October and November are and central India follow is based on their known for retreating monsoons. By the end of September, the southwest monsoon practical experience and age-old perception becomes weak as the low pressure trough of of weather phenomena. However, this system the Ganga plain starts moving southward in does not match with the seasons of south response to the southward march of the sun. India where there is little variation in the seasons. The monsoon retreats from the western 2026-27