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NATURAL VEGETATION 47 categories. These are Urban forestry, Rural for this remarkable diversity of life forms is forestry and Farm forestry. the great diversity of the ecosystem which Urban forestry pertains to the raising this country has preserved and supported and management of trees on public and through the ages. Over the years, their privately owned lands in and around urban habitat has been disturbed by human centres such as green belts, parks, roadside activities and as a result, their numbers avenues, industrial and commercial green have dwindled significantly. There are belts, etc. certain species that are at the brink of Rural forestry lays emphasis on promotion extinction. of agro-forestry and community-forestry. Some of the important reasons of the declining of wildlife are as follows: Agro-forestry is the raising of trees and agriculture crops on the same land inclusive (i) Industrialandtechnologicaladvancement of the waste patches. It combines forestry with brought about a rapid increase in the agriculture, thus, altering the simultaneous production of food, fodder, fuel, timber and exploitationofforestresources. (ii) More and more lands were cleared for fruit. Community forestry involves the raising agriculture, human settlement, roads, of trees on public or community land such as mining,reservoirs,etc. the village pasture and temple land, roadside, (iii) Pressure on forests mounted due to canal bank, strips along railway lines, and lopping for fodder and fuelwood and schools etc. Community forestry programme removalofsmalltimberbythelocalpeople. aims at providing benefits to the community (iv) Grazing by domestic cattle caused an as a whole. Community forestry provides a adverseeffectonwildlifeanditshabitat. means under which the people of landless (v) Hunting was taken up as a sport by the classes can associate themselves in tree- elite and hundreds of wild animals were raising and thus, get those benefits which killed in a single hunt. Now commercial otherwise are restricted for landowners. poachingisrampant. (vi) Incidenceofforestfire. Farm Forestry Itisbeingfeltthatconservationofwildlifeis Farm forestry is a term applied to the process of great significance to the national as well as under which farmers grow trees for the world heritage along with the promotion of ecotourism. What steps have been initiated by commercial and non-commercial purposes on the government in this direction? their farm lands. Forest departments of various states W ILDLIFE C ONSERVATION IN INDIA distributeseedlingsoftreesfreeofcosttosmall and medium farmers. Several lands such as The protection of wildlife has a long tradition in India. Many stories of Panchtantra and Jungle the margins of agricultural fields, grasslands and pastures, land around homes and cow Books, etc. have stood the test of time relating sheds may be used for raising trees under non- to the love for wildlife. These have a profound commercial farm forestry. impact on young minds. In 1972, a comprehensive Wildlife Act was enacted, which provides the main legal W ILDLIFE framework for conservation and protection of You would have visited a zoo and may have wildlife in India. The two main objectives of the seen animals and birds in captivity. Wildlife Actare;toprovideprotectiontotheendangered of India is a great natural heritage. It is species listed in the schedule of the Act and to estimated that about 4-5 per cent of all provide legal support to the conservation areas known plant and animal species on the of the country classified as National parks, earth are found in India. The main reason sanctuariesandclosedareas.ThisActhasbeen Reprint 2026-27