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NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS 67 HighVulnerabilityZone:Areasthathavealmost roadblock, destruction of railway lines and similar conditions to those included in the verchannel-blocking due to rock-falls have far- highvulnerabilityzonearealsoincludedinthis reaching consequences. Diversion of river category.Theonlydifferencebetweenthesetwo courses due to landslides can also lead to is the combination, intensity and frequency of flood and loss of life and property. It also thecontrollingfactors.AlltheHimalayanstates makes spatial interaction difficult, risky as and the states from the north-eastern regions well as a costly affair, which, in turn, except the plains of Assam are included in the adversely affects the developmental high vulnerability zones. activities in these areas. Moderate to Low Vulnerability Zone : Areas Mitigation that receive less precipitation such as Trans- It is always advisable to adopt area-specific Himalayan areas of Ladakh and Spiti measures to deal with landslides. Restriction (Himachal Pradesh), undulated yet stable relief and low precipitation areas in the on the construction and other developmental activities such as roads and dams, limiting Aravali, rain shadow areas in the Western and agriculture to valleys and areas with moderate slopes, and control on the development of large settlements in the high vulnerability zones, should be enforced. This should be supplemented by some positive actions like promoting large-scale afforestation programmes and construction of bunds to reduce the flow of water. Terrace farming should be encouraged in the northeastern hill states where Jhumming (Slash and Burn/Shifting Cultivation) is still prevalent. D ISASTER M ANAGEMENT Figure 6.9 : Landslide Disasters due to cyclones, unlike the ones Eastern Ghats and Deccan plateau also caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and experience occasional landslides. Landslides volcanic eruptions are more predictable in due to mining and subsidence are most terms of the time and place of their common in states like Jharkhand, Odisha, occurrences. Moreover, with the help of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, development of techniques to monitor the Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, behaviour of cyclones, their intensity, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Kerala. direction and magnitude, it has become Other Areas : The remaining parts of India, possible to manage the cyclonic hazard to some extent. Construction of cyclone-shelters, particularly states like Rajasthan, Haryana, embankments, dykes, reservoirs and Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal (except district Darjiling), Assam (except district Karbiforestation to reduce the speed of the winds Anglong) and Coastal regions of the southern are some of the steps that can help in States are safe as far as landslides are minimising the damages. However, increase in the loss of life and property in countries concerned. like India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, etc. in Consequences of Landslides successive storms is largely due to high Landslides have relatively small and vulnerability of their population residing in localised area of direct influence, but the coastal areas. 2026-27