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INTRODUCING WESTERN SOCIOLOGISTS 75 to the modern. He classified a society individuals and allows for their need by the nature of social solidarity which to be different from each other, and existed in that society. He argued that recognises their multiple roles and while a primitive society was organised organic ties. The laws of modern according to ‘mechanical’ solidarity, society are ‘restitutive’ in nature rather modern society was based on ‘organic’ than ‘repressive’. This means that in solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is modern societies, the law aims to foundedonthesimilarityofitsindividual repair or correct the wrong that is done members and is found in societies with by a criminal act. By contrast, in small populations. It typically involves primitive societies the law sought to a collection of different self-sufficientpunish wrong doers and enforced a groups where each person within a sort of collective revenge for their acts. particular group is engaged in similar In modern society the individual was activities or functions. As the solidarity given some autonomy, whereas in or ties between people are based on primitive societies the individual was similarity and personal relationships, totally submerged in the collectivity. such societies are not very tolerant of A characteristic feature of modern differences and any violation of the societies is that individuals with norms of the community attracts harsh similar goals come together voluntarily punishment.Inotherwords,mechanical to form groups and associations. As solidaritybasedsocietieshaverepressive these are groups oriented towards laws designed to prevent deviation from specific goals, they remain distinct communitynorms.Thiswasbecausethe from each other and do not seek to individual and the community were so take over the entire life of its members. tightly integrated that it was feared thaThus, individuals have many different any violation of codes of conduct could identities in different contexts. This result in the disintegration of the enables individuals to emerge from the community. shadow of the community and Organic solidarity characterises establish their distinct identity in modern society and is based on the terms of the functions they perform heterogeneity of its members. It is and the roles they play. Since all found in societies with large individuals have to depend on others populations, where most social for the fulfilment of their basic needs relationships necessarily have to be like food, clothing, shelter and impersonal. Such a society is based education, their intensity of on institutions, and each of its interaction with others increases. constituent groups or units is not self- Impersonal rules and regulations are sufficient but dependent on other required to govern social relations in units/groups for their survival. such societies because personalised Interdependence is the essence of relations can no longer be maintained organic solidarity. It celebrates in a large population. Reprint 2026-27