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Indian Constitution at Work Conditions in India were different and to respond to the challenge they posed, the makers of the Constitution had to work out an alternative conception of secularism. They departed from the western model in two ways and for two different reasons. – Rights of Religious Groups First,asmentionedalready,theyrecognisedthatinter- community equality was as necessary as equality between individuals. This was because a person’s freedom and sense of self-respect was directly dependent upon the status of her community. If one community was dominated by another, then its members would also be significantly less free. If, on the other hand, their relations were equal, marked by an absence of domination, then its members would also walk about with dignity, self-respect and freedom. Thus, the Indian Constitution grants rights to all religious communities such as the right to establish and maintain their educational institutions. Freedom of religion in India means the freedom of religion of both individuals and communities.  – State’s Power of Intervention Second, separation in India could not mean mutual exclusion. Why is it so? Because, religiously sanctioned customs such as untouchability deprived individuals of the most basic dignity and self-respect. Such customs were so deeply rooted and pervasive I would like to know whether that without active state intervention, there was no finally, the state can reguhope of their dissolution. The state simply had to mattersrelatedtoreligionorninterfere in the affairs of religion. Such intervention Otherwise, there can be no religiousreform. was not always negative. The state could also help religious communities by giving aid to educational institutions run by them.  Thus, the state may help or hinder religious communities depending on which 230 mode of action promotes values such as freedom and equality.InIndiaseparationbetweenreligionandstate did not mean their mutual exclusion but rather Reprint 2026-27