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Computer System 9 Microprocessors have evolved over time in terms of their increased processing capability, decreasing physical size and reduced cost. Currently available microprocessors are capable of processing millions of instructions per millisecond. Table 1.2 lists different types of microprocessors along with their generation, time period, and underlying technology since their inception in early 1970s. Table 1.2 Generations of Microprocessor Generation Era Chip Word Maximum Clock Cores Example* type size memory size speed First 1971-73 LSI 4 / 8 1 KB 108 KHz- Single Intel 8080 bit 200 KHz Second 1974-78 LSI 8 bit 1 MB Upto 2 MHz Single Motorola 6800 Intel 8085 Third 1979-80 VLSI 16 bit 16 MB 4 MHz - 6 Single Intel 8086 MHz Fourth 1981-95 VLSI 32 bit 4 GB Upto 133 Single Intel 80386 MHz Motorola 68030 Fifth 1995 till SLSI 64 bit 64 GB 533 MHz - Multicore Pentium, date 34 GHz Celeron, Xeon *few prominent examples are included. 1.5.1 Microprocessor Specifications Microprocessors are classified on the basis of different features which include chip type, word size, memory size, clock speed, etc. These features are briefly explained below: (A) Word Size Word size is the maximum number of bits that a microprocessor can process at a time. Earlier, a word was of 8 bits, as it was the maximum limit at that time. At present, the minimum word size is 16 bits and maximum word size is 64 bits. (B) Memory Size Depending upon the word size, the size of RAM varies. Initially, RAM was very small (4MB) due to 4/8 bits word Activity 1.1 size. As word size increased to 64 bits, it has become The maximum memory feasible to use RAM of size upto 16 Exabytes (EB). size of microprocessors of different generations (C) Clock Speed are given at Table 1.2. Represent each of the Computers have an internal clock that generates pulses (signals) at regular intervals of time. Clock speed simply memory size in terms of power of 2. means the number of pulses generated per second by the Reprint 2026-27