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Spreadsheet Rows are numbered numerically from top to bottom while Columns are referred by alpha characters from left to right. In Excel 2007, there are 65536 Rows which are numbered as 1, 2, 3, … 65,536. These numbers are shown on the left most portion of the worksheet. Columns (total 256 in Excel) are identified by letters, such as A, B, C,.. AA… IV, and are shown on the horizontal box just above Row 1. Thus, there Figure 2.3 are 65,536 x 256 = 1,65,00,000, approximately cells, which is indeed a huge work area, sufficient for all application requirements (Figure 2.3) in one sheet. In a spreadsheet, a value or function or an arithmetic expression is recorded in a cell. The intersection of arow and a column is called a cell. A cell is identified by a combination of a letter and a number corresponding to a particular location within the spreadsheet. For example, the first cell of a worksheet is identified as A1 as it shown in Figure 2.2 at row 1 and column (A). When we start Excel, the pointer (cursor) points to the first cell, i.e. A1, and this cell is called the Active Cell. We can move around a worksheet through four arrow keys (i.e. left, right, up, down as shown in Figure 2.4). For example, the cell having address as G8 correspond to 8th row under G column. Each cell thus has a unique identification called as cell address. Cell Reference — A cell reference identifies the location of a cell or group of cells in the spreadsheet also referred as a cell address. Cell references are used in formulas, functions, charts, other Excel commands and also refer to a group or range of cells. Ranges are identified by the cell references of the cells in the upper left (cell A1) and lower right (cell E2) corners in Figure 2.3. The ranges are identified using colon (:) e.g. A1: E2 which tells Excel to include all the cells between these start and end points. By default cell reference is relative; which means that as a formula or function is copied and pasted to other cells, the cell references in the formula or function change to reflect the new location. The other cell reference is absolute cell reference which consists of the column letter and row number surrounded by dollar ($) signs e.g. $C$4. An absolute cell reference is used when we want a cell reference to stay fixed on specific cell, which means that when a formula or function is copied and pasted to other cells, the cell references in the formula or function do not change. A mixed reference is also a cell reference that holds either row or column constant when the formula or function is copied to another 19 location e.g., $C4 or C$4. Reprint 2026-27