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Leading a long and healthy life, being able For example, in any country, it is interesting to gain knowledge and having enough means to see which group the most of the school to be able to live a decent life are the most dropouts belong to. This should then lead to an understanding of the reasons for such behaviour. important aspects of human development. Therefore, access to resources, health and In India, a large number of women and persons education are the key areas in human belonging to socially and economically development. Suitable indicators have been backward groups drop out of school. This shows developed to measure each of these aspects. Can how the choices of these groups get limited by not having access to knowledge. you think of some? Very often, people do not have the Sustainability means continuity in the capability and freedom to make even basic availability of opportunities. To have choices. This may be due to their inability to sustainable human development, each acquire knowledge, their material poverty, generation must have the same opportunities. All environmental, financial and human social discrimination, inefficiency of institutionresources must be used keeping in mind the and other reasons. This prevents them from leading healthy lives, being able to get educated future. Misuse of any of these resources will or to have the means to live a decent life. lead to fewer opportunities for future generations. Building people’s capabilities in the areas A good example is about the importance of health, education and access to resources is of sending girls to school. If a community does therefore, important in enlarging their choices. not stress the importance of sending its girl If people do not have capabilities in these areas, their choices also get limited. children to school, many opportunities will be lost to these young women when they grow up. For example, an uneducated child cannot Their career choices will be severely curtailed make the choice to be a doctor because her and this would affect other aspects of their lives. choice has got limited by her lack of education. So each generation must ensure the availability Similarly, very often poor people cannot choose of choices and opportunities to its future to take medical treatment for disease because generations. their choice is limited by their lack of resources. Productivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work. Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people. Ultimately, it is people who are the real wealth Enactafive-minuteplaywithyourclassmatesshowing how choices are limited due to lack of capability in theions. Therefore, efforts to increase their areas of either income, education or health. knowledge, or provide better health facilities ultimately leads to better work efficiency. Empowerment means to have the power  to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability. Good  governance and people-oriented policies are Just as any building is supported by pillars, required to empower people. The empowerment the idea of human development is supported of socially and economically disadvantaged by the concepts of equity, sustainability, groups is of special importance. productivity and empowerment. Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal Talktothevegetablevendorinyourneighbourhoodand irrespective of their gender, race, income and find out if she has gone to school. Did she drop out of in the Indian case, caste. Yet this is very often school?Why?Whatdoesthistellyouaboutherchoices not the case and happens in almost every and the freedom she has? Note how her opportunities werelimitedbecauseofhergender,casteandincome. society. 16 Fundamentals of Human Geography Reprint 2026-27