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Figure 4.17 (a): Vegetables being grown in theFigure 4.17 (b): Vegetables being loaded into a truck vicinity of the city and cycle carts for transporting to city markets rearing, is done in stalls and pens, fed on Collective Farming manufactured feedstuff and carefully Thebasicprinciplebehindthistypesoffarming supervisedagainstdiseases.Thisrequiresheavy is based on social ownership of the means of capital investment in terms of building, production and collective labour. Collective machinery for various operations, veterinary farming or the model of Kolkhoz was services and heating and lighting. One of the introduced in erstwhile Soviet Union to improve importantfeaturesofpoultryfarmingandcattle upon the inefficiency of the previous methods rearing is breed selection and scientific of agriculture and to boost agricultural breeding. production for self-sufficiency. The farmers used to pool in all their Types of farming can also be categorised resources like land, livestock and labour. accordingtothefarmingorganisation. Farming organisation is affected by the way in which However, they were allowed to retain very small farmers own their farms and various policies of plots to grow crops in order to meet their daily requirements. the government which help to run these farms. MINING Co-operative Farming The discovery of minerals in the history of A group of farmers form a co-operative society humandevelopment,isreflectedinmanystages by pooling in their resources voluntarily for moreefficientandprofitablefarming. Individual in terms of copper age, bronze age and iron age. The use of minerals in ancient times was largely farms remain intact and farming is a matter of confined to the making of tools, utensils and cooperative initiative. weapons. The actual development of mining Co-operative societies help farmers, to began with the industrial revolution and its procure all important inputs of farming, sell thimportance is continuously increasing. products at the most favourable terms and help in processing of quality products at cheaper Factors Affecting Mining Activity rates. Co-operative movement originated over a The profitability of mining operations thus, depends on two main factors: century ago and has been successful in many (i) Physicalfactorsincludethesize,gradeand western European countries like Denmark, the mode of occurrence of the deposits. Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Italy etc. In (ii) Economic factors such as the demand for Denmark,themovementhasbeensosuccessful themineral,technologyavailableandused, that practically every farmer is a member of a capital to develop infrastructure and the co-operative. labour and transport costs. 32 Fundamentals of Human Geography Reprint 2026-27