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provide large markets. Some industries, such Communication is also an important need asaircraftmanufacturing,haveaglobalmarket. for industries for the exchange and The arms industry also has global markets. management of information. Access to Raw Material Government Policy Raw material used by industries should be Governments adopt ‘regional policies’ to cheap and easy to transport. Industries based promote ‘balanced’ economic development and on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material hence set up industries in particular areas. (ores) are located close to the sources of raw material such as steel, sugar, and cement Access to Agglomeration Economies/ industries. Perishability is a vital factor forLinks between Industries industry to be located closer to the source of Many industries benefit from nearness to a the raw material. Agro-processing and dairy leader-industry and other industries. These products are processed close to the sources of farm produce or milk supply respectively. benefits are termed as agglomeration economies. Savings are derived from the linkages which exist between different Access to Labour Supply industries. Labour supply is an important factor in the Thesefactorsoperatetogethertodetermine location of industries. Some types of industrial location. manufacturing still require skilled labour. Increasing mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial processes have reduced Foot Loose Industries the dependence of industry upon the labours. Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are Access to Sources of Energy not dependent on any specific raw Industries which use more power are located material, weight losing or otherwise. close to the source of the energy supply such They largely depend on component as the aluminium industry. parts which can be obtained Earlier coal was the main source of energy, anywhere. They produce in small today hydroelectricity and petroleum are also quantity and also employ a small important sources of energy for many labour force. These are generally not industries. polluting industries. The important factor in their location is accessibility Access to Transportation and by road network. Communication Facilities Speedy and efficient transport facilities to carry rawmaterialstothefactoryandtomovefinished Classification of Manufacturing Industries goods to the market are essential for the Manufacturing industries are classified on the developmentofindustries.Thecostoftransport basis of their size, inputs/raw materials, plays an important role in the location of output/products and ownership (Fig. 5.1). industrial units. Western Europe and eastern NorthAmericahaveahighlydevelopedtransport Industries based on Size system which has always induced the concentrationofindustriesintheseareas.Modern The amount of capital invested, number of workers employed and volume of production industry is inseparably tied to transportation systems. Improvements in transportation led to determine the size of industry. Accordingly, integrated economic development and regional industries may be classified into household or specialisationofmanufacturing. cottage, small-scale and large-scale. 38 Fundamentals of Human Geography Reprint 2026-27