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particular route; and cost distance or the expense of travelling on a route. In selecting the More on Stores mode of transport, distance, in terms of time or Consumer cooperatives were the first of cost, is the determining factor. Isochrone lines thelarge-scaleinnovationsinretailing. aredrawnonamaptojoinplacesequalinterms Departmental stores delegate the of the time taken to reach them. responsibilityandauthoritytodepartmental heads for purchasing of commodities and foroverseeingthesaleindifferentsections Network and Accessibility of the stores. As transport systems develop, different Chain stores are able to purchase places are linked together to form a merchandise most economically, often network. Networks are made up of nodes going so far as to direct the goods to be and links. A node is the meeting point of manufactured to their specification. They twoormoreroutes,apointoforigin,apoint employ highly skilled specialists in many of destination or any sizeable town along a executive tasks. They have the ability to route, Every road that joins two nodes is experiment in one store and apply the called a link. A developed network has results to many. many links, which means that places are well-connected. Wholesale Trading Factors Af fecting Transport Wholesale trading constitutes bulk business Demand for transport is influenced by the size through numerous intermediary merchants of population. The larger the population size, and supply houses and not through retail the greater is the demand for transport. stores.Somelargestoresincludingchainstores Routes depend on: location of cities, areabletobuydirectlyfromthemanufacturers. towns, villages, industrial centres and raw However, most retail stores procure supplies materials,patternoftradebetweenthem,nature fromanintermediarysource. Wholesalersoften of the landscape between them,type of climate, extend credit to retail stores to such an extentand funds available for overcoming obstacles that the retailer operates very largely on the along the length of the route. wholesaler’s capital. Communication Transport Communication services involve the Transport is a service or facility by which transmission of words and messages, facts people, materials and manufactured goods and ideas. The invention of writing preserved are physically carried from one location to messages and helped to make communication another. It is an organised industry created dependent on means of transport. These were to satisfy man’s basic need of mobility. actually carried by hand, animals, boat, road, Modern society requires speedy and efficient rail and air. That is why all forms of transport transport systems to assist in the production, are also referred to as lines of communication. distribution and consumption of goods. At Where the transport network is efficient, every stage in this complex system, the value communications are easily disseminated. of the material is significantly enhanced by Certain developments, such as mobile transportation. telephony and satellites, have made Transport distance can be measured as: communications independent of transport. All km distance or actual distance of route length; forms are not fully disassociated because of the time distance or the time taken to travel on a cheapness of the older systems. Thus, very 48 Fundamentals of Human Geography Reprint 2026-27