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Coal processed in petrochemical industries, such as fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, Coal is a one of the important minerals which is mainly used in the generation of thermal medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics. power and smelting of iron ore. Coal occurs in rock sequences mainly of two geological ages, namely Gondwana and tertiary deposits. About 80 per cent of the coal deposits in India is of bituminous type and is of non-coking Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold becauseofitsscarcityanddiversifieduses. grade. The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in Damodar Valley. They lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt and the Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oil importantcoalfieldsinthisregionareRaniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, Karanpura. exploration and production was Jharia is the largest coal field followed bystematically taken up after the Oil and Natural Gas Commission was set up in Raniganj. The other river valleys associated with coal are Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone. 1956. Till then, Digboi in Assam was the The most important coal mining centres are only oil producing region but the scenario changed after 1956. In recent years, new Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh (part of Singrauli coal field lies in Uttar Pradesh), Korba in oil deposits have been found at the extreme western and eastern parts of the country. Chhattisgarh, Talcher and Rampur in Odisha, Chanda–Wardha, Kamptee and Bander in In Assam, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran Maharashtra and Singareni in Telangana and are important oil producing areas. The major oilfields of Gujarat are Ankaleshwar, Pandur in Andhra Pradesh. Tertiary coals occur in Assam, Arunachal Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba and Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland. It is Lunej. Mumbai High which lies 160 km off Mumbai was discovered in 1973 and extracted from Darangiri, Cherrapunji, Mewlong and Langrin (Meghalaya); Makum, production commenced in 1976. Oil and Jaipur and Nazira in upper Assam, Namchik – natural gas have been found in exploratory wells in Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin Namphuk (Arunachal Pradesh) and Kalakot (Jammu and Kashmir). on the east coast. Besides, the brown coal or lignite occur in Oilextractedfromthewellsiscrudeoiland the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, contains many impurities. It cannot be used Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir. directly. It needs to be refined. There are two types of refineries in India: (a) field-based and Petroleum (b) market-based. Digboi is an example of field- Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of based and Barauni is an example of market- based refinery. liquid and gaseous states varying in chemical composition, colour and specific gravity. It is Natural Gas an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and aircraft. Its numerous by-products are and is released when crude oil is brought to Mineral and Energy Resources 59 Reprint 2026-27