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oils, coffee, tea, wood pulp, yarn, granite stone, Chennai Port is one of the oldest ports on molasses, etc. Karnataka is the major theeasterncoast.Itisanartificialharbourbuilt in 1859. It is not much suitable for large ships hinterland for this port. Cochin Port, situated at the head of because of the shallow waters near the coast. Vembanad Kayal, popularly known as the Tamil Nadu and Puducherry are its hinterland. ‘Queen of the Arabian Sea’, is also a natural Kamarajar (Ennore), a newly developed port in Tamil Nadu, has been constructed 25 harbour. This port has an advantageous km north of Chennai to relieve the pressure at location being close to the Suez-Colombo route. Chennai port. It caters to the needs of Kerala, southern- Karnataka and south western Tamil Nadu. V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin) Portwas alsodevelopedtorelievethepressureofChennai Shyama Prasad Mookerjee, Kolkata port. It deals with a variety of cargo, including PortislocatedontheHugliriver,128kminland coal, salt, food grains, edible oils, sugar, from the Bay of Bengal. Like the Mumbai port, chemicals and petroleum products. this port was also developed by the British. Airports Kolkata had the initial advantage of being the capital of British India. The port has lost its Air transport plays an important role in the significance considerably on account of the international trade. It has the advantage of diversion of exports to the other ports such as taking the least time for carriage and handling Vishakhapatnam, Paradwip and its satellite high value or perishable goods over long port, Haldia. distances. It is very costly and unsuitable for This port is also confronted with the carrying heavy and bulky commodities. This problem of silt accumulation in the Hugli river ultimately reduces the participation of this which provides a link to the sea. Its hinterland sector in the international trade as compared covers U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, to the oceanic routes. Sikkimandthenorth-easternstates.Apartfrom Therewere25majorairportsfunctioningin this, it also extends ports facilities to our the country (Annual Report 2016-17). They are Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Goa, neighbouring land-locked countries such as Nepal and Bhutan. Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Haldia Port is located 105 km Thiruvananthapuram,Srinagar,Jaipur,Calicut, downstream from Kolkata. It has been Nagpur, Coimbatore, Cochin, Lucknow, Pune, Chandigarh, Mangaluru, Vishakhapatnam, constructedtoreducethecongestionatKolkata Indore,Patna,BhubaneswarandKannur.Since port. It handles bulk cargo like iron ore, coal, 2017, under the UDAN scheme, a total number petroleum, petroleum products and fertilisers, jute, jute products, cotton and cotton yarn, etc.of 73 unserved/underserved airports including 9 Heliports and 2 water aerodromes have been Paradwip Port is situated in the operationalized (Source: PIB, Ministry of Civil Mahanadi delta, about 100 km from Cuttack. Aviation, Govt. of India, 2023) It has the deepest harbour specially suited You have already studied about the air to handle very large vessels. It has been transport in the previous chapter. You consult developed mainly to handle large-scale export the chapter on transport to find out the main of iron-ore. Odisha, Chhattisgarh and features of air transport in India. Jharkhand are the parts of its hinterland. Visakhapatnam Port in Andhra Pradesh is a land-locked harbour, connected to the sea by a channel cut through solid rock and sand. Name the nearest domestic and international airports An outer harbour has been developed for fromyourplace.Identifythestatewithmaximumnumber of domestic airports. handlingiron-ore,petroleumandgeneralcargo. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are the main Identifyfourcitieswheremaximumnumberofairroutes hinterland for this port. convergeandalsogivereasonsforthis. 92 India : People and Economy Reprint 2026-27