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one factor. Each factor is described in Pilots, sailors, sculptors, painters, terms of all three dimensions. architects, interior decorators, and The above mentioned theories are surgeons are likely to have highly representations of psychometric approach developed spatial intelligence. Musical (an ability to produce and to understand intelligent behaviour. Theory of Multiple Intelligences manipulate musical rhythms and patterns) : It is the capacity to produce, Howard Gardner proposed the theory of create and manipulate musical patterns. multiple intelligences. According to him, Persons high on this intelligence are very intelligence is not a single entity; rather sensitive to sounds and vibrations, and distinct types of intelligences exist. Each in creating new patterns of sounds. of these intelligences are independent of Bodily-Kinaesthetic (an ability to use each other. This means that, if a person whole or portions of the body flexibly and exhibits one type of intelligence, it does creatively) : This consists of the use of the not necessarily indicate being high or low whole body or portions of it for display on other types of intelligences. Gardner or construction of products and problem also put forth that different types of solving. Athletes, dancers, actors, intelligences interact and work together sportspersons, gymnasts, and surgeons to find a solution to a problem. Gardner are likely to have such kind of intelligence. studied extremely talented persons, who Interpersonal (an ability to had shown exceptional abilities in their understand to subtle aspects of others’ respective areas, and described eight behaviours) : This is the ability to types of intelligence. These are as follows:understand the motives, feelings and Linguistic (an ability to produce and behaviours of other people so as to bond use language) : It is the capacity to use into a comfortable relationship with language fluently and flexibly to express others. Psychologists, counsellors, one’s thinking and understand others. politicians, social workers, and religious Persons high on this intelligence are leaders are likely to possess high ‘word-smart’, i.e. they are sensitive to interpersonal intelligence. different shades of word meanings, are Intrapersonal (an ability to articulate, and can create linguistic understand of one’s own feelings, images in their mind. Poets and writers motives, and desires): This refers to the are very strong in this component of knowledge of one’s internal strengths and intelligence. limitations and using that knowledge to Logical-Mathematical (an ability to effectively relate to others. Persons high think logically and critically, and solve on this ability have finer sensibilities problems) : Persons high on this type of regarding their identity, human intelligence can think logically and existence, and meaning of life. critically. They engage in abstract Philosophers and spiritual leaders present reasoning, and can manipulate symbols examples of this type of intelligence. to solve mathematical problems. Scientists Naturalistic (an ability to identify the and Nobel Prize winners are likely to be features of the natural world) : This strong in this component. involves complete awareness of our Spatial (an ability to form visual relationship with the natural world. It is images and patterns) : It refers to the useful in recognising the beauty of abilities involved in forming, using, and different species of flora and fauna, and transforming mental images. The person making subtle discriminations in the high on this intelligence can easily natural world. Hunters, farmers, tourists, represent the spatial world in the mind. 7 Chapter 1 • Variations in Psychological Attributes Reprint 2026-27