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of customs, beliefs, attitudes, and others in the society. Some non-western achievements in art and literature. A societies value self-reflection and person’s intelligence is likely to be tuned collectivistic orientation as opposed to by these cultural parameters. Many personal achievement and individualistic theorists have regarded intelligence as orientation. attributes specific to the person without regard to their cultural background. The Intelligence in the Indian Tradition unique features of culture now find some Contrary to technological intelligence, representation in theories of intelligence. Sternberg’s notion of contextual or intelligence in the Indian tradition can be termed as integral intelligence, which practical intelligence implies that gives emphasis on connectivity with the intelligence is a product of culture. social and world environment. Indian Vygotsky also believed that cultures, like thinkers view intelligence from a holistic individuals, have a life of their own; they grow and change, and in the process perspective where equal attention is paid to cognitive and non-cognitive processes as specify what will be the end-product of well as their integration. successful intellectual development. The Sanskrit word ‘buddhi’ which is According to him, while elementary mental often used to represent intelligence is far functions (e.g., crying, attending to mother’s voice, sensitivity to smells, more pervasive in scope than the western concept of intelligence. Buddhi, according walking, and running) are universal, the to J.P. Das, includes such skills as mental manner in which higher mental functions effort, determined action, feelings, and such as problem solving and thinking opinions along with cognitive competence operate are largely culture-produced. such as knowledge, discrimination, and Technologically advanced societies understanding. Among other things, adopt child rearing practices that foster buddhi is the knowledge of one’s own self skills of generalisation and abstraction, based on conscience, will and desire. Thus, speed, minimal moves, and mental the notion of buddhi has affective and manipulation among children. These motivational components besides a strong societies promote a type of behaviour, cognitive component. Unlike the western which can be called technological views, which primarily focus on cognitive intelligence. In these societies, persons parameters, the following competencies are are well-versed in skills of attention, identified as facets of intelligence in the observation, analysis, performance, speed, Indian tradition : and achievement orientation. Intelligence • Cognitive capacity (sensitivity to tests developed in western cultures look context, understanding, discrimination, precisely for these skills in an individual. problem solving, and effective Technological intelligence is not so communication). valued in many Asian and African • Social competence (respect for social societies. The qualities and skills regarded order, commitment to elders, the as intelligent actions in non-western young and the needy, concern cultures are sharply different, though the about others, recognising others’ boundaries are gradually vanishing under perspectives). the influence of western cultures. In • Emotional competence (self- addition to cognitive competence that is regulation and self-monitoring of very specific to the individual, the non- emotions, honesty, politeness, good western cultures look for skills to relate to conduct, and self-evaluation). 16 Psychology Reprint 2026-27