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children with high academic self-esteem stop smoking the moment they decide to perform better in schools than those with do so. Our society, our parents and our low academic self-esteem, and children own positive experiences can help in the with high social self-esteem are more liked development of a strong sense of self- by their peers than those with low social efficacy by presenting positive models self-esteem. On the other hand, children during the formative years of children. with low self-esteem in all areas are often found to display anxiety, depression, and Self-regulation increasing antisocial behaviour. Studies Self-regulation refers to our ability to have shown that warm and positive organise and monitor our own behaviour. parenting helps in the development of high People, who are able to change their self-esteem among children as it allows behaviour according to the demands of the them to know that they are accepted as competent and worthwhile. Children, whose external environment, are high on self- monitoring. parents help or make decisions for them Many situations of life require even when they do not need assistance, resistance to situational pressures and often suffer from low self-esteem. control over ourselves. This becomes Self-efficacy possible through what is commonly known as ‘will power’. As human beings Self-efficacy is another important aspect we can control our behaviour the way we of our self. People differ in the extent to want. We often decide to delay or defer the which they believe they themselves control satisfaction of certain needs. Learning to their life outcomes or the outcomes are delay or defer the gratification of needs is controlled by luck or fate or other called self-control. Self-control plays a situational factors, e.g. passing an key role in the fulfilment of long-term examination. A person who believes that goals. Indian cultural tradition provides s/he has the ability or behaviours required us with certain effective mechanisms (e.g., by a particular situation demonstrates fasting in vrata or roza and non- high self-efficacy. attachment with worldly things) for The notion of self-efficacy is based on developing self-control. Bandura’s social learning theory. A number of psychological techniques Bandura’s initial studies showed that of self-control have also been suggested. children and adults learned behaviour by Observation of own behaviour is one of observing and imitating others. People’s them. This provides us with necessary expectations of mastery or achievement information that may be used to change, and their convictions about their own modify, or strengthen certain aspects of effectiveness also determine the types of self. Self-instruction is another important behaviour in which they would engage, as technique. We often instruct ourselves to also the amount of risk they would do something and behave the way we want undertake. A strong sense of self-efficacy to. Such instructions are quite effective in allows people to select, influence, and even self-regulation. Self-reinforcement is the construct the circumstances of their own third technique. This involves rewarding life. People with a strong sense of self- behaviours that have pleasant outcomes. efficacy also feel less fearful. For example, you may go to see a movie Self-efficacy can be developed. People with friends, if you have done well in an with high self-efficacy have been found to examination. These techniques have been 27 Chapter 2 • Self and Personality Reprint 2026-27