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Endomorphic, Mesomorphic, and the absence of Type-A traits. This typology Ectomorphic typology. The endomorphs has been further extended. Morris has are fat, soft and round. By temperament suggested a Type-C personality, which is they are relaxed and sociable. The prone to cancer. Individuals characterised mesomorphs have strong musculature, are by this personality are cooperative, rectangular with a strong body build. They unassertive and patient. They suppress are energetic and courageous. The their negative emotions (e.g., anger), and ectomorphs are thin, long and fragile in show compliance to authority. More body build. They are brainy, artistic and recently, a Type-D personality has been introvert. suggested, which is characterised by Let us remember that these body proneness to depression. typologies are simple, and have limited use Personality typologies are usually very in predicting behaviour of individuals. Theyappealing, but are too simplistic. Human are more like stereotypes which people behaviour is highly complex and variable. hold. Assigning people to a particular personality Jung has proposed another important type is difficult. People do not fit into such typology by grouping people into introverts simple categorisation schemes so neatly. and extraverts. This is widely recognised. According to this typology, introverts are Trait Approaches people who prefer to be alone, tend to avoidThese theories are mainly concerned with others, withdraw themselves in the face of emotional conflicts, and are shy. the description or characterisation of basic Extraverts, on the other hand, are sociable,components of personality. They try to outgoing, drawn to occupations that allow discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide dealing directly with people, and react to stress by trying to lose themselves among range of variations in psychological people and social activity. attributes, yet it is possible to club them In recent years, Friedman and into smaller number of personality traits. Rosenman have classified individuals into Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For Type-A and Type-B personalities. The two researchers were trying to identify example, when we come to know that a psychosocial risk factors when they person is sociable, we assume that s/he discovered these types. People will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that characterised by Type-A personality seem to possess high motivation, lack patience, involve other social components. Thus, feel short of time, be in a great hurry, andtrait approach attempts to identify primary feel like being always burdened with work. characteristics of people. A trait is Such people find it difficult to slow down considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one and relax. People with Type-A personality are more susceptible to problems like individual differs from another. They hypertension and coronary heart disease include a range of possible behaviours (CHD). The risk of developing CHD with that are activated according to the Type-A personality is sometimes even demands of the situation. greater than the risks caused by high blood To summarise, (a) traits are relatively pressure, high cholesterol levels, or stable over time, (b) they are generally smoking. Opposite to this is the Type-B consistent across situations, and (c) their personality, which can be understood as strengths and combinations vary across 31 Chapter 2 • Self and Personality Reprint 2026-27