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buys a set of new pens after doing poorly children at this age experience pleasure in in an examination, s/he may try to moving their bowels. The anal area of the rationalise her/his behaviour by asserting, body becomes the focus of certain “I will do much better with these pens”. pleasurable feelings. This stage establishes People who use defence mechanisms the basis for conflict between the id and are often unaware of doing so. Each the ego, and between the desire for babyish defence mechanism is a way for the ego to pleasure and demand for adult, controlled deal with the uncomfortable feelings behaviour. produced by anxiety. However, Freud’s Phallic Stage : This stage focuses on the ideas about the role of defence genitals. At around ages four and five mechanisms have been questioned. For children begin to realise the differences example, his claim that projection reduces anxiety and stress has not found support between males and females. They become in several studies. aware of sexuality and the sexual relationship between their parents. During this stage, the male child experiences the Stages of Personality Development Oedipus Complex, which involves love for Freud claims that the core aspects of the mother, hostility towards the father, personality are established early, remain and the consequent fear of punishment or stable throughout life, and can be changed castration by the father (Oedipus was a only with great difficulty. He proposed a Greek king who unknowingly killed his five-stage theory of personality (also father and then married his mother). A called psychosexual) development. major developmental achievement of this Problems encountered at any stage may stage is the resolution of the Oedipus arrest development, and have long-term complex. This takes place by accepting his effect on a person’s life. A brief descriptionfather’s relationship with his mother, and of these stages is given here. modelling his own behaviour after his Oral Stage : A newborn’s instincts are father. focused on the mouth. This is the infant’s For girls, the Oedipus complex (called the Electra Complex after Electra, a Greek primary pleasure seeking centre. It is character, who induced her brother to kill through the mouth that the baby obtains food that reduces hunger. The infant their mother) follows a slightly different achieves oral gratification through feeding, course. By attaching her love to the father a girl tries to symbolically marry him and thumb sucking, biting and babbling. It is raise a family. When she realises that this during these early months that people’s basic feelings about the world are is unlikely, she begins to identify with her established. Thus, for Freud, an adult who mother and copy her behaviour as a means of getting (or, sharing in) her father’s considers the world a bitter place probably affection. The critical component in had difficulty during the oral stage of resolving the Oedipus complex is the development. development of identification with the same Anal Stage : It is found that around ages sex parents. In other words, boys give up two and three the child learns to respond sexual feelings for their mothers and begin to some of the demands of the society. One to see their fathers as role models rather of the principal demands made by parents than as rivals; girls give up their sexual is that the child learns to control the bodilydesires for their father and identify with functions of urination and defecation. Most their mother. 36 Psychology Reprint 2026-27