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tough manner of interacting with people, to an optimum level under careful and a tendency to defy social conventions. supervision of an expert, you should not A person scoring high on this dimension venture into testing and interpreting the tends to be hostile, egocentric, and personality of your friends who do not antisocial. This test is also widely used. study psychology. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire Projective Techniques (16 PF) The techniques of personality assessment This test was developed by Cattell. On the described so far are known as direct basis of his studies, he identified a large techniques, because they tend to rely on set of personality descriptors, which were information directly obtained from the subjected to factor analysis to identify the person who clearly knows that her/his basic personality structure. You will learn personality is being assessed. In these about this statistical technique later. The situations, people generally become self- test provides with declarative statements, conscious and hesitate to share their and the subject responds to a specific private feelings, thoughts, and motivations. situation by choosing from a set of given When they do so, they often do it in a alternatives. The test can be used with socially desirable manner. high school level students as well as with The psychoanalytic theory tells us that adults. It has been found extremely useful a large part of human behaviour is in career guidance, vocational exploration, governed by unconscious motives. Direct and occupational testing. methods of personality assessment cannot Apart from the few popular tests which uncover the unconscious part of our use self-report technique which have been behaviour. Hence, they fail to provide us described above, there are several others with a real picture of an individual’s that try to assess specific dimensions of personality. These problems can be personality (e.g., authoritarianism, locus ofovercome by using indirect methods of control, optimism, etc.). As you proceed assessment. Projective techniques fall in further with your study of psychology, you this category. will come to know more about them. Projective techniques were developed to The self-report measures suffer from a assess unconscious motives and feelings. number of problems. Social desirability is These techniques are based on the one of them. It is a tendency on the part assumption that a less structured or of the respondent to endorse items in a unstructured stimulus or situation will socially desirable manner. Acquiescence is allow the individual to project her/his another one. It is a tendency of the subject feelings, desires and needs on to that to agree with items/questions irrespective situation. These projections are interpreted of their contents. It often appears in the by experts. A variety of projective form of saying ‘yes’ to items. These techniques have been developed; they use tendencies render the assessment of various kinds of stimulus materials and personality less reliable. situations for assessing personality. Some It is also necessary to sound a note of of them require reporting associations with caution at this stage. Remember that stimuli (e.g., words, inkblots), some involve psychological testing and understanding story writing around pictures, some require personality requires great skill and sentence completions, some require training. Unless you have acquired these expression through drawings, and some 43 Chapter 2 • Self and Personality Reprint 2026-27