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protective thoughts. Examples of this are watching TV, phone up a friend, or try to Which of the following coping Activity be with other people. behaviours areproblem-focused? Why? 3.4 • Discussing your problem with a Lazarus and Folkman has friend. conceptualised coping as a dynamic • Feeling sorry for failing in an process rather than an individual trait. examination. Coping refers to constantly changing • Finding fault with classmates for poor marks in tests. cognitive and behavioural efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the internal or external • Hiding examination results from demands that are created by the stressful parents. transaction. Coping serves to allow the • Blaming friends for bad habits. • Reading essential books for the individual to manage or alter a problem annual examination. and regulate the emotional response to • Making efforts to improve one’s that problem. According to them coping performance after a setback. responses can be divided into two types of • Missing school when assignments not completed. responses, problem-focused and emotion- Discuss the answers with your focused. Problem-focused strategies attack classmates and teacher. the problem itself, with behaviours designed to gain information, to alter the event, and to alter belief and commitments. manage stress. Some of these techniques They increase the person’s awareness, level are: of knowledge, and range of behavioural and cognitive coping options. They can act Relaxation Techniques : It is an active to reduce the threat value of the event. For skill that reduces symptoms of stress and decreases the incidence of illnesses such example “I made a plan of action and as high blood pressure and heart disease. followed it”. Emotion-focused strategies call for psychological changes designed Usually relaxation starts from the lower primarily to limit the degree of emotional part of the body and progresses up to the facial muscles in such a way that the disruption caused by an event, with whole body is relaxed. Deep breathing is minimal effort to alter the event itself. For example “I did some things to let it out of used along with muscle relaxation to calm my system”. While both problem-focused the mind and relax the body. and emotion-focused coping are necessary Meditation Procedures : The yogic method when facing stressful situations, research of meditation consists of a sequence of suggests that people generally tend to use learned techniques for refocusing of the former more often than the latter. attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. It involves such a Stress Management Techniques thorough concentration that the meditator Stress is a silent killer. It is estimated to becomes unaware of any outside stimulation and reaches a different state play a significant role in physical illness of consciousness. and disease. Hypertension, heart disease, ulcers, diabetes and even cancer are linked Biofeedback : It is a procedure to monitor to stress. Due to lifestyle changes stress is and reduce the physiological aspects of on the increase. Therefore, schools, other stress by providing feedback about current institutions, offices and communities are physiological activity and is often concerned about knowing techniques to accompanied by relaxation training. 62 Psychology Reprint 2026-27